The Language Of Persuasion, Advertising, And Advertising

Known as the language of persuasion, advertisements have been speaking to us consumers for as long as anyone can remember. We are constantly being bombarded by big corporations to buy their products and services. No medium is left untouched; television, social media, radio, billboards, and even other people are used as vehicles for messages a given company is trying to reinforce. With the advent of technology, it has become increasingly difficult for companies to stand out to consumers in an impactful fashion. Apple Computer managed to do just that with their ‘Get a Mac’ campaign that launched in 2006; these 62 advertisements used a combination of humor, ethos, pathos, and logos to sell upscale computers to the market at an alarmingly†¦show more content†¦Human judgment is much more easily swayed by negative humor than by positive information, and the ‘Get a Mac’ campaign reinforced that idea perfectly. Apple personified Windows computers as stiff a nd old fashioned. Hodgman played the role marvelously; viewed as a shallow befuddled nerd decked out in drab uncomfortable clothing he managed to represent the vast majority of Windows users in a comical light (Moren). On the other hand, Apple represented Justin Long as a young, friendly, confident individual who wears designer clothes and that thrusts his hands in his jean pockets in a calm and collective fashion (Moren). In each of the advertisements Hodgman is on the left while Long is on the right, and they are featured against a plain white background. This simplistic stylistic choice allowed the audience to focus on the subject at hand, and leave no distractions while delivering the message of a superior computer. The charm of these 30-second commercials comes from Apple’s clever implementation of humor to an otherwise boring topic that is computers. They made the subject of computers interesting to computer fanatics and novices alike. For example, in the advertisement entitled ‘Virus’ Hodgman is seen sniffling into a tissue, he warns Long to stay away from him claiming that he doesn’t want to pass the illness (Nudd). Long says he isn’t worried since heShow MoreRelatedHumor and Persuasion1318 Words   |  6 PagesHumor and Persuasion July 30, 2012 COM 323 Humor and Persuasion Do you think of yourself as funny, humorous or a joker of sorts? Many people feel they have what it takes to bring humor to different situations. Usually humor is used to lighten a mood or attitude and often makes people feel happy. Understanding that humor can play a very important role in speech enhance the awareness of the proper means and tactics in which to use humor. Persuasion often includes various forms of humorRead MoreHumor and Persuasion1517 Words   |  7 PagesCOMM 323 Persuasion amp; Argumentation Professor Megan Trexler February 11, 2013 Humor and Persuasion Humor as it pertains to persuasion is a tactics that is used to get the audience in a good mood, to make them more comfortable, and maybe easier to be persuaded. The use of humor in many aspect of the world has shown to have positive effects, and the use of humor in the art of persuasion would be extremely effective in the presentation. With the addition of humor to the persuasion presentationRead MoreCross-Cultural Communication Essay1173 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction For the course of International Management the following assignment has been giving with the objective to select a topic in the field of International Management. The topic for this paper is Cross-cultural Communication in Marketing/advertising. Communication is such an important part of everyone’s daily life, not only in one’s personal life but also in organizations. Also now a day, we are becoming every year more and more global and working with different countries and cultures aroundRead MoreThe Rhetoric Of Hitler s Battle By Kenneth Burke1475 Words   |  6 PagesRhetoric, or the art of persuasion, is a conventional tool employed in propaganda to manipulate the public. In Propaganda by Edward Bernays, modern propaganda is defined as â€Å"a consistent, enduring effort to create or shape events to influence the relations of the public to an enterprise, idea or group.† Manipulation is a quintessential quality in modern democracy—allowing the â€Å"executive arm of the invisible government† to control the public. For example, Hitler united a mass of people by reworkingRead MoreThe Canadian Philosopher Of Communication Theory1533 Words   |  7 PagesThe Canadian philosopher of communicat ion theory, Marshall McLuhan, once said that â€Å"advertising is the greatest art form of the 20th century†. Indeed, we are exposed to numerous advertisements every day. They come at us in many different forms and ways through TV screens, billboards, magazines, web pages, door-to-door sales, and even radio. Advertisements are not fundamentally bad, but a lot of them use manipulative tactic and tricks which influence us in ways we do not even realize. Even thoughRead MoreEssay on What Is Really Behind Advertisement1259 Words   |  6 PagesMany people are in the debate whether companies use persuasion or manipulation in their advertisements to get people to buy a certain product. In the Innocent ones advertisement the â€Å"Stop the Abuse† organization shows a picture of a sad, abused little boy. The advertisement only shows half of his face, but the color in his face has been lightened so it has a gray tint. To the right, where the other half of his face should be, t here is a stop sign. The stop sign is bright red, and below the stop signRead MoreCritique on Advertising in Our Society1034 Words   |  5 PagesCritique On Advertising In Our Society A critique on the impact of advertising in our society. Consider visuals and verbal or written language. (1000 words) The impact of advertising on our society is a fiercely debated topic, and has been ever since the conception of advertising in its most basic form. There are negative and positive social and economic impacts upon society from advertising in its various forms. For instance, advertising promoting public welfare has a positive social impactRead MoreAmerican Rock N Roll Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pagesmodern consumerism with advertising. How has modern consumerism advertising affected our lives? Modern consumerism affects our everyday lives on a social, economic and cultural level and is a result of powerful historical changes from the invention of crucial methods of communication such as the telephone and television to the development of department stores, mass-production and advertising. The main way we receive the effects is through advertisement. Many believed that advertising was simply just forRead MoreAristotle, The Greatest Thinkers Of All Times Essay1197 Words   |  5 Pagesconfronted by persuasion every day in life. It might take in various situations and places and categorized into three sections which are, the appeal of emotion, the appeal to reason and the appeal to one’s character. Aristotle calls them Ethos, in which is used to describe the ideas and beliefs that characterize the community, Logos in which using logical arguments, scientific method and proof to persuade and Pathos, is a purpose of presentation, advertising and pity for persuasion. Furt hermore,Read MoreAdvertising : Advertising And Advertising1636 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Every Advertising campaign main focus is to be cost effective, reach the largest target audience and most importantly should attract new customers.(allbusiess.com) Advertising plays a crucial role for every company regarding the size of the company, it doesn’t matter if the company is big or small an effective and well planned ad campaign can do wonders for the company. â€Å"Effective advertising reaches potential customers and informs them of your products or services. Ideally, advertising should

Racism and Slavery in Oronooko - 1158 Words

Even works of literature that intend to have a good message can be interpreted and read the wrong way. The novella, Oroonoko written by Aphra Behn, is a great example of this. Oroonoko is the story of the Royal Slave. It is written in the perspective of a white colonial woman in the eighteenth century. I found the novella to have a lot of subtle racial undertones despite the fact that during that time it was seen as an anti-slavery novel.(1) There have been debates on whether this novella is pro-slavery or anti-slavery? While reading, I decided that it was neither, but more so a novella from a revolutionist point of view. One of the first things that sticks out is the way in which she described Oroonoko physically. Behn stated that his†¦show more content†¦He states â€Å"Have they vanquished us nobly in fight? Have they won us in honorable battle? And are we by the chance of war become their slaves? This would not anger a noble heart; this would not animate a soldierâ⠂¬â„¢s soul.†(6) So essentially he believes that slaves are good and they help with work â€Å"around the house†, but the only way to get slaves is through war. One could argue that he was against slavery because later after he is captured upon a ship, he makes this long speech about freedom and wanting all the other slaves to be free. Oroonoko only makes this speech after he finds out that Imoinda is expecting a child and his appeal for freedom is denied. I am inferring that Oroonoko may not actually give two shits about the slaves, but is more so concerned for the safety of his family and he simply uses the slaves to get his family to â€Å"safety†. The Author seems to have found herself in Oroonoko. She most likely, inherently believed that slaves were only rightfully owned if they are received through a war victory. I also got the vibe that Behn has romanticized slavery. Instead of showing slavery for the cruelty it truly contains, she plays it up in this sort of ecstatic affair between a prince, prince’s grandfather and a beautiful woman. One instance of romanticized slavery is when Caesar and Clemene first realize who they are, and they have a sort of reunion party at the House of Slaves. Behn writes that there is loud â€Å"barbaric† music and a delicious

Egypt and Mesopotamia Comparative Essay free essay sample

Mesopotamia and Egypt were two of the very first civilizations dating back to 3500 BCE. Their cultures were very similar, but were very different. In what ways were their cultures similar and different? Mesopotamia is similar to Egypt in that both were based around a river system and they both created their own form of writing. These two civilizations are very similar, but they are also different in that their structures are used for different purposes and Mesopotamians invented more important things. Mesopotamia and Egypt are both similar because of their civilizations being located on a river system. The Egyptians had the Nile River and its delta that led in to the Mediterranean Sea. The Sumerians had the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that led into the Persian Gulf. Both of these rivers flooded, depositing silt onto the ground that would fertilize the soil. This would allow for agriculture and for huge populations to settle and grow in these regions. We will write a custom essay sample on Egypt and Mesopotamia Comparative Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Nile River flooded annually and the Tigris and Euphrates flooded randomly which could lead to a good or bad crop season. For ancient civilizations to exist, they needed to be located along rivers because they were a source of fresh water that is necessary for life. It also gives the settlement a good form of transportation up and down the river. Also, the water is used for farm animals to drink. Mesopotamia and Egypt are both similar because they both have their own form of writing. The Sumerian form of writing was called cuneiform and consisted of pictures that represented letters. It was written on clay tablets with a tool called a stylus. Hieroglyphics (sacred inscriptions) were pictures that represented letters and words or sounds. It was written on papyrus using inks and pens, made out of plants that contained ink inside of them. Both of these forms of writing were used to keep records, document different buildings and structures. In the Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations, scribes were the main ones who knew how to read and write. These are the two earliest forms of writing and they were invented by their own civilizations for nearly the same reasons. Due to the purposes of their structures, Mesopotamia and Egypt developed differences in their structures for mainly religious  purposes. Egypt had triangular structures called pyramids in which they had one purpose for. It was a burial to guard their dead kings’ body after death. Their pyramids were also made of limestone and that is why they are still there today. The Mesopotamians’ ziggurats were used as temples for their kings to connect with their gods. They were made of sun-dried mud, that when hardened created a hard mud-brick. Unlike the Egyptians pyramids that had passageways in them, the ziggurats were solid on the inside with a temple on the top of it. These two structures are different because they were used for entirely different reasons. The Egyptians used it as burial sites and the Mesopotamians used them as temples. Due to the difference in inventions, Mesopotamia and Egypt developed differences in that Mesopotamians invented more important thongs then the Egyptians. Mesopotamians invented many things that had to do with science and technology. The first invention is the wheel, which they used for making pottery. They also invented math that included many things we still use today such as time (degrees, minutes, and seconds), addition, subtraction and fractions. They also had formulas for determining shapes. Lastly they had advancements in astronomy, medicine, and iron metal. Some of the Egyptians inventions were: medicine, which they got from the Mesopotamians, shipbuilding for traveling the Nile, math and geometry just like the Sumerians, they used for keep transactions and building structures. Other things the Egyptians invented were makeup and toothpaste. They invented toothpaste because of all the sand in their food and it rotted their teeth. Sumerian inventions had a much bigger impact on our world today then Egyptian inventions. Both civilizations inventions are important, but the Sumerians’ are more important.

Fulfilment of Goals of the Organisation â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Explain On Fulfilment Of Goals Of The Organisation? Answer: Introduction: The measurement of the performance of the company is of an utmost importance since the business survives for the purposes of earning profits and also for these satisfaction of the customers (HBR, 2017). The following are the ways through which the performance of the company can be measured: In respect of financial metrics, profit, cost, LOB revenue vs the target, cost of goods sold, days sales outstanding, sales by region, LOB vs budget are used In terms of the customer metrics, customer lifetime values, customer acquisition cost, customer satisfaction and retention, net promoter score and the number of the customers are used (Info entrepreneurs, 2017). In the terms of the process metrics, the customer support tickets, % of the product defects, LOB efficiency measures are used. In terms of the people metrics, employee turnover rate, % of response to the open positions along with the employee satisfaction are used (Clear point strategy, 2017). Findings: Air New Zealand: The company undertaken for review in the Air New Zealand Company. The remuneration of the directors is paid in the form of the fees to the directors. The additional amount of the fees is paid to the chairman and also to the deputy chairman. Also, the work has been carried out by the individual directors on the various board committees in order to reflect the additional responsibilities by these directors. The total amount of the fees that is paid to the directors is subject to the approval of the shareholders. The company makes reasonable travel arrangements for the directors and the other costs that are associated with the business of the company. The amount that is paid to the directors is bifurcated under the following heads: Directors fees Commitment fees Total fees which is the total of the directors fess and commitment fees Value of travel entitlement In order to attract and also retain the talented individuals, the performance and the reward of the strategy is aligned with the recruitment policy of the company. This is done in order to source the talented people and also for the development of the future leaders and also provide the succession pipelines into the main roles of the directors. The main aim of this strategy is to attract the individuals that perform well. Also, it helps in attracting and also, in providing the opportunities that are rich in nature and rich developmental opportunities and also, recognise the achievement through the way of targeted performance and also, the reward initiatives. The remuneration strategy of the company is pinned in by the pay for the performance philosophy and the same are fixed as per the positions fixed remunerations for the competent performance which is below the market median for all of the individual employment agreements which includes the Chief Executive Officer and also uses the annual incentives of the performance for the creation of the opportunities for each and everyone in the competitive market. Also, there are annual increments in the level of the remuneration that is paid in the case of the employees. Also, in the case wherein the employee performance good, the total amount of the remuneration which is in excess of the market is paid off. The strategy of the remuneration has been designed in order to provide the remuneration which is based on the performance as against the agreed stretch targets which aligns the actions with the interest of the shareholders and also, balances the competitiveness with affordability. The packages of the CEO and the executives comprises of the following: Fixed based salary The incentive based on an annual performance Long term incentive The people remuneration and the diversity commit of the company keeps itself abreast with all of the revenant market information and also, the best practices. They further obtain the advice from the external advisors as and when necessary. The levels of the remuneration are reviewed each year in order to assess the competitiveness in the market and also, is aligned with the strategies and the performance priorities. The people remuneration and the diversity committee approved the company PWC as the firm which would provide the remuneration benchmark for the CEO and also for the other executives for the year 2016. PWC benchmarked the selection of the various executive positions as against the country of New Zealand and the Australian peer compiled from the database of the PWC. The peer group comprises of the 12 New Zealand and 11 organisations of the country of Australia. The further investigation of the Air New Zealand indicated the various remuneration bands that remain in line with the pay levels of the market. There is a fixed remuneration policy of the company as per which the remuneration at the rate of 90% of the market median for the executives is set in that is fully competent in their roles. The annual performance incentives are delivered through the short term incentive schemes. The various measures that are used in the determination of the quantum of the short term incentives are set in on an annual basis. There are targets that relate both with the financial performance of the company and also with the individual targets. For the CEO, the short term incentive is based at 60% of the financial performance of the company and then 40% of the individual performance set as against the specific targets. For the remaining employees, the weight is 50% of the financial performance of the company and 50% for the performance of the individual. The participation is in the plan by the annual invitation which is at the discretion of the company. The companys components is at the beginning of each one of the financial year wherein the board confirms the financial target of the company for the payments of the various incentives which is much below the incentives of the payments which is mainly set at 10% above the amount of the earnings before taxation. The same is achieved by the company over the period of 5 years. The company must go on to achieve more than 50% of the financial target before the companys component has been paid out. The maximum component of the company is 200% which is achieved when the company reaches the target of 150% of the financial target. The following are the main factors that assess the individual performance for the stated year: Financial performance within the specific responsibilities of the executives Business performance Strategic development and delivery People, culture and the performance of the leadership The payments in respect of each one of the individual components have been made as per the overall performance rating which takes into account the performance of each one of the employee which is across the individual measures and demonstrates the leadership behaviours of the company. Performance Rating Individual STI Percentage Unsatisfactory 0% Developing 60% Achieving 100% High 130% Outstanding 200% The long term incentives of the company have been designed for the purposes of aligning the interest of the CEO along with the executives and also in in with the shareholding and this is done for the purposes of incentivising the various participants in the plan that enhances the value of the long term shareholding. During the stated year, the plan is available to the various executives which included the long term incentive performance rights plans. The participation in any year is done by an annual invitation which is at the discretion of the board. There are mainly two components of long term incentive plan: Performance Rights Mandatory Shareholding The remuneration of the CEO over the year is fixed at $1470, 000 whereas during the financial year 2015, the same was $1400, 000. The annual performance value of the short term incentive scheme was set at 55% of the fixed remuneration in case all of the performance targets are achieved. In case, the performance rating is not satisfactory, then no short term incentive would be payable. Up to the amount of 110% of the fixed remuneration is payable for the outstanding performance. The CEO earned a total of the short term payment of the value of $1617, 000 whereas during the year 2015, the amount paid was $1540, 000. This is the payment which is made during the year 2017. In terms of the long term incentive, the CEO has an access to the long term incentive schemes. The companys long term incentive performance rights plan were outlined and the company had the restricted share rights. The CEO is the member of the companys group superannuation scheme (Annual report, 2016). Qantas annual report: The company is committed towards having an outcome of the remuneration which is aligned with the performance and also the creation of the value of the shareholder. The annual incentives were not paid to the CEO in the years 2011, 2012 and during the year 2013-14. Partial awards were paid tin the 2 years during 2010-11 and 2012-13. Also, the target was paid during the year 2014-15. The long term incentive plan were vested and did not vest at all in the 4 previous years. The company continued to improve its customer experience and exceeded the transformation program of the company. The company further delivered the recorded financial result and also returned an amount of $ 1 billion to the shareholders. All of the employees were proud of their contribution to these results. During the year 2015-16, the remuneration outcomes for the CEO and also of the executive management would align with the performance of the Qantas and the creation of the value of the shareholders. An annual incenti ve was paid to the CEO and the executive management is based on their contribution to the achievement of the 2015-16. The short term incentive plans scorecard of the financial and the non-financial performance targets are also in place. The board also reviewed the performance of the CEO and also of the executive management and also concluded their actions which helps in achieving the targets. The management achieved an amount of $357 million growth of the revenue of the passenger that helps in the utilisation of the group aircraft. This contributed the growth of the non-cyclical earnings which was delivered through the delivery of the loyalty of the companys diversification strategy and also delivered the strong improvement from the Jetsar group of the airlines in Asia which was reported as entailing a healthy amount of the combined profit. The management too achieved the different objectives of the financial framework of the group. The optimal structure of the capital with an inves tment grade credit ratings was also restored by the Moods Investor Services and the standard and Pros. There was an achievement of the return on the amount of the capital that has been invested at the rate of 23%. During the years 2014 to 2016, the long term investment plans includes a fixed number of the rights that were awarded to the CEO and also to the executive management during the year 2013. Based on the total return on the shareholders wealth which extends over the period of the 3 years, the rights were converted into the shares of the Qantas. The outcomes of the remuneration is detailed in the table that follows: The variable outcome of the company includes an award during the year 2015-16, the short term incentive plan which consist of the cash bonus of an amount of $1632, 000 which is worth shares with the period of 2 year period of restriction. The long term incentive plan is also awarded to the CEO vested and this converted the same into 2,151, 000 shares. In the beginning of the long term incentive plan, the number of the shares that were valued at $2904, 000. There was a 109% increase in the price of the shares and the value of these shares were appreciated at an amount of $3,162, 000. These were the outcomes that were aligned with the performance of the company and also of the CEO and was also aligned with the long term performance of the company. The table that follows shows a linkage between the pay and the performance of the company: Particulars (Amounts in $ in thousands) CEO Remuneration Outcomes 2016 2016 Target pay % at target Base Pay (cash) 2,106.00 2,000.00 2,125.00 NA STIP cash bonus 3,264.00 1,904.00 1,700.00 192.00 STIP restricted shares 1,632.00 952.00 850.00 192.00 LTIP vesting 2,904.00 2,353.00 1,700.00 171.00 Other -108.00 112.00 - NA Total excluding share price growth 9,798.00 7,321.00 6,375.00 154.00 LTIP share price growth 3,162.00 4,563.00 Total including share price growth 12,960.00 11,884.00 There is a link between the pay of the CEO and the performance of the company and this is done through the way of measuring the performance of both the annual incentive and also which has the long term incentive. In this company, the annual incentives are paid in years as and when the board review the same. The business and the executives have also performed very well. The long term incentives only vest where the financial performance of the company is strong and is also challenging wherein the performance measures for the 3 years are met successfully. The management has an approach towards the hedging of the fuel and this also restructured the hedged positions. This company along with these initiatives and active hedging positions led to a reduction of $664 million reduction in the expense of the fuel. The approach of the fuel hedging continued and also helped in providing a greater amount of the participation in the falling prices of the fuel when compared with its competitors. There is a contributed investment of the customer. This further delivered the advocacy of the record customers or of the net promoter scores. This led to the growth in the earnings in the core domestic business of the airline and this helped in achieving the year of margin expansion when kept as against the domestic competitors in both the premium and the low cost customer segments. The CEOs were paid an award of $3264, 000 along with the deferred shares of an amount of $1632, 000. This was accompanied by the 2 year restriction. The vesting of these rights were also subject to the performance of the company when compared with the other companies included in the ASX 100 and the Global listed airlines. The share price of the company grew from an amount of $ 1.35 to $2.82 which indicates a good performance for the company over the period of the performance period of 2014-2016 (Annual report, 2016). Virgin Australia: The group makes sure that the executive remunerations as competitive and set as against the peer group. There is a mix of remuneration between the fixed and the variable components which is aligned with the strategy of the group, the business imperatives and also of the regulatory requirements. The non-executive directors are also remunerated by the way of the fees and does not participate in the schemes that have been designed for the purposes of paying compensations to the executives. There is a prohibition set as against the use of the margin loans and also of the hedging arrangements. There is a prohibition of the short term trading and the hedging economic exposure to the unvested options that are issued as per the employees option plans. The directors are also prohibited from the obtaining of the margin loans as against the securities of the companies the security for the loans. There is a contributed growth along with the development and the success of the company which demand s the executive remuneration to be a part of the strategy of the businesses its values and also of the achievement of the driven cultures. For the purposes of achieving the objectives that are long term in nature along with the value of the shareholders, there is an utilisation of the approach of the balance s scorecard that establishes and measures the various objectives of the performance and this determines the outcomes of the remuneration for the CEO and the senior executives. During the year 2015, the company was named 6th as the most respected company in the country of Australia and the company won the Skytrax World Airline award for the best airline staff service in the region of the Australian Pacific for the 5th consecutive year and the company was also named as the most attractive employer of the country of Australia at the Randstad awards. The short term incentive of the company included the progress in executing the virgin vision of the company and this further achieved the significant improvement when it comes to the financial performance of the company. This reflects the positive trajectory of the company. When it comes to considering the substantial achievement of the company, the board has agreed that the short term incentive payment would be based on the fact of the achievement of the corporate scorecard and also on the metrics of the individual performance and this is considered to be most appropriate. The long term incentive, the CEO has been issued the cash settled performance plan during the year 2015 financial year. The hurdle of these performances for the grant was made to the CEO which is an equal split of 50% of the ROIC. This is in addition to the 50% of the corporate measures. The ROIC has an outperforming potential which is linked with the ROIC and has the maximum of 2.5 times of the fixed amount of th e remuneration for the ROIC measures only. There have been many oof the performance measures that includes specific targets related with the growth of the corporate and the target of the revenue of the government along with the performance of Tigerair Australia. The senior executives were also issued the cash settled performance plan during the year of 2015 which is based on one single measure of the ROIC. The outperformance of the ROIC is somewhat based on the linear scale which has the maximum of 1.5 times of the fixed amount of the remuneration. The long term incentive includes the CEO which has one senior executive option plan. The senior executives has one SEOP and this has achieved a negative outcome as against the TSR which was set for the company. In the terms of equity and the deferred cash tables, the cash settled performance plan compensation were granted during the year 2016 and there were many of the previous plans under this cash settled performance plan which were gra nted during the year 2016 and also, the previous on the foot cash grants. During the stated period, an amount of $153, 000 as against $0 during the year 2015 were awarded as compensation. During the period, ach one of the individual were considered to be a key management personnel. Also, nil awards were forfeited during the year and no additional compensation has been awarded since the end of the year. In terms of the short term incentive plan, all of the performance rights referred to the performance rights over the ordinary shares of the company which were exercisable on a one for one basis and also provided at no cost to the recipients. All of the non-executive directors were not given the right to participate in these short term plans. During the year. About 604, 106 and during the year 2015, 1, 243, 845 performance rights got vested and about 604, 106 during the year 2016 ad 1,312, 121 during the year 2015 shares were issued on the exercise of the performance rights that were granted for the remuneration. Nil performance rights for the both of the years were forfeited during the financial year and no performance rights have been granted to the employees till the end of the financial year (Annual report, 2016). Conclusion: Each and every company has its own set of the performance measures and these performance measures are used for the purposes of assessing the performance of each one of the individual. Also, when it comes to the media, there is as such no discussion on the different metrics that have been used but these metrics are very well stated in the companys annual report and also, so, the shareholders are very well informed about the same. Recommendations: The companies must include the following in its remuneration policy structure: Fixed pay Annual remuneration Long term awards Minimum remuneration to the directors. This would include the stock options, policy review The rewards included for the employees of the company must be long term in nature and also, more stock options must be granted. References: ClearPoint Strategy. (2017).18 Key Performance Indicator Examples Defined. [online] Available at: https://www.clearpointstrategy.com/18-key-performance-indicators/ [Accessed 12 May 2017]. Harvard Business Review. (2017).The Best Way to Measure Company Performance. [online] Available at: https://hbr.org/2010/03/the-best-way-to-measure-compan [Accessed 12 May 2017]. Infoentrepreneurs.org. (2017).Measure performance and set targets. [online] Available at: https://www.infoentrepreneurs.org/en/guides/measure-performance-and-set-targets/ [Accessed 12 May 2017]. p-airnz.com. (2017).Annual report 2016. [online] Available at: https://p-airnz.com/cms/assets/PDFs/financial-results-2016-v2.pdf [Accessed 12 May 2017]. www.qantas.com.au. (2017).Annual report 2016. [online] Available at: https://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/corporateGovernance/2016AnnualReport.pdf [Accessed 12 May 2017]. www.virginaustralia.com. (2017).Annual report 2016. [online] Available at: https://www.virginaustralia.com/cs/groups/internetcontent/@wc/documents/webcontent/~edisp/2016-annual-report.pdf [Accessed 12 May 2017]. www.infosys.com. (2017).www.infosys.com. [online] Available at: https://www.infosys.com/investors/corporate-governance/Documents/nomination-remuneration-policy.pdf [Accessed 13 May 2017].

Review of Black Sound, Black Body free essay sample

Black artists were thought only to appeal to a black crowd, which created tours like the Chitin Circuit, and successful white musicians making money Of a black Nans song, as was the case with Pat Bones cover of Tutu Fruit. However, it was during this time that many Americans began to see through the barriers separating the races. As Steve Washman highlights in his article Black Sound, Black Body: Jim Hendrix, the Electric Guitar, and the Meanings of Blackness, much of what was unifying America was this idea that beyond our skin, we are really one and the same.Steve points out atheism is able to cross over both race and gender lines in his appeal. Many Great Britain musicians who were being introduced to the blues scene through the music of Hendrix actually considered him a role model for their own attempts to transgress racial boundaries. However, Jim found that he was still stuck in this black stereotype, and as hard as he tried he could not truly shake this. We will write a custom essay sample on Review of Black Sound, Black Body or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Washman suggests that a large reason for Isms decision to own his own studio was so that he could become invisible, removing himself from the demands of the stereotyping-public to a place of pure music, with nothing else attached. He yearned for a desire to be heard, not seen; listened to, not watched, however the boundaries between blacks and whites were forever separating people from one another.

Forming the Comparative of One-syllable Adjectives

Forming the Comparative of One-syllable Adjectives Forming the Comparative of One-syllable Adjectives Forming the Comparative of One-syllable Adjectives By Maeve Maddox I was only half-listening to an economic analyst being interviewed on NPR, but shot to attention when he said that some economic event was â€Å"a more strong indicator† of something or other. Knowing that being interviewed and talking off the cuff can be stressful for people not used to it, I turned to the web to see if I could find written examples of more being used to compare single-syllable adjectives. Confining my search to the adjective strong, I found these examples: Why para nitro benzoic acid is more stronger acid than meta nitro benzoic acid Which would be a more strong magnet? Is â€Å"certainly† a more strong adverb than â€Å"definitely†? â€Å"certainly† is more stronger. . Merge data fields in a more strong way Which is a more strong and just relation, friendship or love? Note: The positive, comparative, and superlative forms of strong are strong, stronger, strongest. I was looking for examples of â€Å"more strong.† I never expected to find â€Å"more stronger.† Here are the conventional rules for forming the comparative form of a one-syllable adjective in English. To compare a one-syllable adjective ending with a consonant, add -er. small, smaller sweet, sweeter long, longer strong, stronger If the one-syllable adjective already ends with the letter e, form the comparative by adding -r: nice, nicer wise, wiser If the one-syllable adjective ends with a single consonant preceded by a vowel, double the consonant and add -er: big, bigger thin, thinner Now for the exceptions to the rule. Sometimes using more instead of -er with a one-syllable adjective is an acceptable stylistic choice: 1. The writer wishes to emphasize the comparison. â€Å"He promised to paint the chair pink, but when the paint dried, it was more red than pink.† 2. The one-syllable adjective occurs with an adjective of two or more syllables. â€Å"The lecture was more dull and lengthy than the previous one.† 3. It is easier for the speaker to say. â€Å"Both views may be right, but mine is more right than yours.† (Other one-syllable words that compare with more are real and wrong.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing Prompts 101Grammar Quiz #21: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses150 Foreign Expressions to Inspire You

Arendt states that Politically the most important yardstick for Essay

Arendt states that Politically the most important yardstick for judging events in our time is whether they serve totalitaria - Essay Example However, despite the destruction of totalitarianism government, there are still totalitarian practices that are evident within the modern government of democracy and independence. Accordingly, this paper will recognize and discuss the origins of totalitarianism in order to compare and contrast some apparent manifestations of modern totalitarianism. Moreover, this paper will also identify some key points of evidences that modern totalitarianism is present in the current structure of democracy especially in the United States. The Origins of Totalitarianism The term totalitarianism was coined after the dreadful fight and suffering in the world wars, political revolution, holocaust, and fears. Hannah Arendt was a political philosopher who first handedly understands totalitarianism as a climatic pathology, which represents the practices of dictatorship, racism, colonialism, and also a lone government institution (Inceoglu). Accordingly, totalitarianism is a government that has the essence of evilness which tends to obtain and control exclusive possession of power and potency. Hence, the goals of totalitarian authority are to govern and reign with legal and lawful powers towards civil states and reorganizing the condition of the people (Baehr). Arendt suggested that the origins of the totalitarianism are rooted to the idea of establishing imperialism within the nation in order to serve as a substantial element for the growth and development of the country in terms political, economical, cultural, and racial structure. According to Inceoglu, imperialism was the only political and economical principle that will allow middle class Europeans to preserve their existence out from harm or danger of being in the state of poverty. Relatively, the main tenet of imperialism was to generate novel trades, increasing supply and demand for the progress and expansion of the economic system of the country (Inceoglu). Moreover, Arendt also implicated that totalitarianism was also the result of the total and overly malpractices of racism, in which it leads to mass killings or holocaust killings. For example, during the post-war of World War 1, Adolf Hitler blamed the Jews and Marxists for the lost of Germany in the war because of their lack of nationalist identity with Germany and disloyalty to their motherland, which served as the cause of their lose. Consequently, during the totalitarianism regime of Hitler, he persecuted the Jews, Marxists, and the communists of violated acts that are not being done by them. Hence, the domination of totalitarianism was structured on the idealities of imperialism and racism that have created dreadful sceneries in the past and modern times of humankind (Inceoglu). The Modern Totalitarianism and its Structure In these modern times, totalitarianism has long been existed after the world had experienced its terror and consequential results that brought humanity to a move of revolution and wars. Today, the practices of totalitarianis m cannot be directly experienced by people but can be observed through the utilization of modern technologies such as computers and other software systems. Majority of the government in the countries are democratic and republican regimes that held the freedom and the power of the citizens of the country (Los; Mirny). Hence, the people have now experienced the independence

Econmetrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Econmetrics - Essay Example For instance, when a property undergoes growth, the price of houses goes up. On the other hand, when a property undergoes decay, the price of houses goes down. Thus, these circumstances will affect the general value of houses severely. Demand for houses is a vital aspect in the model. In situations when the demand for houses exceeds the available houses in the market, the price of houses increases as people willingness to purchase also increase. As the demand for houses reduces, the price of houses also reduces since people will not have the will to purchase. Supply of houses has always surpassed its demand. For instance, when the supply of houses increases, the price of houses goes down since the property owners will need to off-load the houses in their possession. Thus, increase in supply will create or rather offer opportunities for the potential buyers in the real estate market. The regression principle in real estate refers to a high value property, in a location of low value property, being affected by the lower price of houses in the neighborhood. The real values of such houses are not always achieved. On the other hand, the progression principle refers to the increase in the general value of a low value house which is located among the houses of higher value. Thus, the low value houses are always priced relatively higher than their real prices. Therefore, the econometric model: House price= Demographic changes + Demand + Supply + Progression + Regression, is a statistical model. The dependent variable (House Price) on the left hand side is fully determined by the independent variables (Demographic changes, Demand, Supply, Progression, and Regression) on the right hand side. The independent variables are the factors that determine the value of houses in the real

Consumer culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Consumer culture - Essay Example The second edition of  Consumer Culture  see the sights the nature and position of using up in up to date societies. Celia Lurys the latest revision of this flourishing classic set up the significance of latest object-based studies for consumer culture, and slot in new chapters on making and the increase of moral consumption. A "consumer culture" is that whose financial system is defined by the retail and expenditure of consumers. Consumer culture is strongly tied to capitalism, because it is determined by money. What differentiates it, though, is that it is not focused so much on the authority of money as it is on the joy that can be accquired through buying and owning personal property (SCHNEIDER, Anna, 2011). This review discusses the second, revised edition of Celia Lurys book Consumer Culture, which was initially published in 1996. Lury looked at the subject of consumer culture from the viewpoint of cultural sociology, arguing next to other sociologists that it arrive at far ahead of the area of the economic. Her plan is to give students and further concerned readers with a good quality, effortlessly reachable impression of the unusual features of consumer culture and the divergent angles as of which it can be observed. To achieve that, the book is divided into eight sections. The first chapter launches the idea of material culture (culture manifest in and being prejudiced by objects) of which consumer culture is viewed as a particular outline and of substance as mover of significance. The following part concentrates on the economical aspects of consumption, while chapter three cope with the function and changed insight of objects suggestive of somewhat ahead of their real worth in economy and daily utilization and their interrelationship with subjects to draw attention to the position attributable to consumer

Looking At The Personality Theory

Looking At The Personality Theory A person is a flow of powerful subjective life, conscious and unconscious; a whispering gallery in which voices echo from the distant past; a gulf stream of fantasies with floating memories of past events, currents of contending complexes, plots and counterplots, hopeful intimations and idealsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦A personality is a full Congress of orators and pressure groups, of children, demagogues, communists, isolationists, war-mongers, mugwumps, grafters, log rollers, lobbyists, Caesars and Christs, Machiavellis and Judases, Tories and Promethean revolutionists. (Murray, What Should Psychologists 160-61) The term personality is used by psychologists to denote a consistent pattern of responses to the world that the environment imposes upon the individual internally and externally (Kassarjian and Robertson 194). All the physical, mental and emotional characteristics of an individual as an integrated whole, especially as they are presented to others, form what we commonly term as personality. According to Robert B. Ewen, personality refers to important and relatively stable aspects of behaviour.(4) During the past one hundred years extensive research has been done by the various psychologists in this field. This research has given birth to what we now call Personality psychology. Personality psychology is a branch of psychology which studies human personality deeply using psychological theories. The scientific study of personality can be traced back to the year 1937, when Gordon Allport published his book Personality: A Psychological Interpretation. Personality analysis, like art, is subjective in nature. There is no single best recognised definition or theory of personality yet and different psychologists have different definitions and theories regarding personality. Psychologists themselves cannot arrive at a unifying definition of personality, due in part to its subjective nature. (Schultz 2) According to Sam Smiley, It is the form, or overall unity, of an individuals traits. It includes the complex of characteristics that distinguish one person from all others, and it admits the behavioural potentials of the individual which transcend all his attitudes and actions. . . . Personality is the totality of a human beings physiological and psychological traits, and therefore it is the epitome of whatever differentiates one human from every other human. (82-83) Robert B. Ewen gives one of the most comprehensive definitions of personality. He says, Personality deals with a wide range of human behaviour. To most theorists, personality includes virtually everything about a person-mental, emotional, social, and physical. Some aspects of personality are unobservable, such as thoughts, memories, and dreams, whereas others are observable, such as overt actions. Personality also includes aspects that are concealed from yourself, or unconscious, as well as those that are conscious and well within your awareness. (4) Some other significant definitions by noted psychologists are: Cattell offers the opinion that, Personality is that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation. . . . Personality is . . . concerned with all the behaviour of the individual, both overt and under the skin. (Liebert and Spiegler 3-4) Personality refers to the collection of attitudes and knowledge that a person possesses, that is, mainly those personal items that direct behaviour. In this context, personality is synonymous with mind. (McNeal 52) While defining personality it is only appropriate to remember that the word personality is derived from the Latin word persona which means a mask. One very important observation that has been made in this regard is: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in early Latin, persona means a mask dramatis personae are the masks which actors wear in a play, that is, the characters that are represented. Etymologically and historically, then, the personality is the character that is manifested in public. In modern psychology and sociology this corresponds rather closely to the role behaviour of a differentiated person. From one point of view, this constitutes a disguise. Just as the outer body shields the viscera from view, and clothing the genitals, so the public personality shields the private personality from the curious and censorious world. It also operates to conceal underlying motivations from the individuals own consciousness. (Murray and Kluckhohn 40) The study of personality is a broad area and includes various theoretical constructs, conceptual approaches and research methodologies. The major theories include psychodynamic perspective, humanistic perspective, trait perspective, behaviourist perspective and cognitive perspective. The major personality theorists include Sigmund Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, Harry Stack Sullivan, Erik Erikson, Carl R. Rogers, Abraham H. Maslow, Rollo May, Gordon W. Allport, Raymond B. Cattell, Henry A. Murray, B. F. Skinner, George A. Kelly and Albert Bandura. The present study deals with Gordon W. Allports and Henry A. Murrays theories of personality. The main aim is to study and analyse Michael Jacksons personality with the application of Allports and Murrays personality theories. The thesis focuses on Michael Jackson as an individual and how his character and personality are similar in several aspects to the character and personality of the picaro the antihero of picaresque novels. It is essential to study in detail the theories of both the psychologists in order to successfully use them as a tool to analyse the personalities of Michael Jackson and the picaro. Gordon Willard Allport (1897 1967) was a premier American psychologist who is often called the father of Personality theory. He is considered to be the founder of personality psychology as he was one of the first psychologists to have focused extensively on the study of personality. He was the first psychologist who gave thorough thought to the concept of traits in a person. He developed a theory called the trait theory and opined that the trait was the most appropriate way of describing and studying personality. Allport approached psychology and the issue of personality in a unique way. Allport revolutionized the world of psychology by moving the study of the personality into the mainstream of psychology. His theories are still debated, and he is considered one of the most controversial psychologists of our time. (Hall and Lindzey 260) Allports opinions differed from other psychologists. He believed in studying healthy and mature individuals. He felt the study of animals and neurotic people could not lead to conclusions pertinent to normally functioning adults. (Becoming 18) Secondly, Allport viewed every human being as unique. Therefore, he believed in studying an individual personality as opposed to studying people in common. He criticized scientists for their avoidance of the individual and their prevalent theory that individuality can only be studied by history, art or biography and not by science. He believed that nomothetic methods (general and universal) should be discouraged and idiographic methods (individual) must be encouraged. If we accept this dogma concerning the scope and limitations of science we shall have to abandon the person as a person. But we are not yet discouraged. That the individual is a system of patterned uniqueness is a fact. That science likes universals and not particulars is also a fact. Yet personality itself is a universal phenomenon though it is found only in individual forms. Since it is a universal phenomenon science must study it; but it cannot study it correctly unless it looks into the individuality of patterning! Such is the dilemma. (Pattern and Growth 9) Allport stated that there is no correct or incorrect definition of personality, rather all definitions are full of pitfalls. (Pattern and Growth 28) He defined personality as a dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment.(Personality 48) Because this definition reflects some unique phrasing and word choices, Allports own explanations of terminology and phrasing are presented. Dynamic Organization The personality is constantly changing, and any definition of personality must acknowledge this change. However, this change does not occur in the normal adult in a haphazard fashion; rather, it occurs within the boundaries of an organization. (Allport, Personality 48) This change occurs in a self -regulating and motivating fashion. This definition of organized change implies the existence of a reciprocal process of disorganization, especially in those personalities marked by progressive disintegration. (Allport, Pattern and Growth 28) Psychophysical This term serves as a reminder that personality is neither exclusively physical nor mental. Instead, the organization of the personality fuses the physical and mental in some inextricable unity. (Allport, Personality 48) Systems A system is a complex of elements in mutual interaction. The personality is composed of many systems. A habit, sentiment, trait, concept, or style of behaving are all systems and are latent in the personality even when they are not active. Systems are our potential for activity. (Allport, Pattern and Growth 28-29) Determine Personality is something, and it does something. Personality is active. Allport contended that the latent psychophysical systems, when called into action, either motivate or direct a specific activity or thought. (Pattern and Growth 29) Personality is not synonymous with behaviour or activity; personality is merely the impression that this activity makes on others. It is what lies behind specific acts and within the individual. (Allport, Personality 48) All systems that comprise a single personality are the determining tendencies. They exert a direct influence on the adjusting and expressive acts which make up the personality. (Allport, Pattern and Growth 29) Characteristic All behaviour and thought are characteristic of the person and are unique to that person. Allport acknowledged the use of this term, and the need to define it, appeared redundant in a definition whose very meaning stressed individuality and uniqueness. He used it, though, to drive the point home. (Pattern and Growth 29) Behaviour and Thought Allport used these two terms to cover anything whatsoever an individual might do. A persons main activity, according to Allport, is to adjust to the environment, but he felt it unwise to define personality only in terms of adjustment. He acknowledged the individual also reflects on the environment, strives to master it, and sometimes succeeds in this mastery of the environment. Thought as well as behaviour, then, make for both survival and growth. (Allport, Pattern and Growth 29) The following diagram depicts a comprehensive view of personality. Allport summarized his own definition of personality: My own definition of personality is essentialist. Personality is what a person really is, regardless of the way other people perceive his qualities or the methods by which we study them. Our perceptions and our methods may be in error, just as an astronomer may fall short in studying the constitution of a star. But the star is still there, a challenging object for study. My definition does not, of course, deny that a person is variable over time or that his behaviour may change from situation to situation. It says simply that the person has an internal structure and range of characteristics (variable, to be sure, but ascertainable), and it is this structure that we hope to study. (Pattern and Growth 35) The discussion in detail of Allports definition of personality and his approach towards both, personality and psychology, leads us to his theory of traits. According to Allport a trait is: a generalized and focalized neuropsychic system (peculiar to the individual), with the capacity to render many stimuli functionally equivalent, and to initiate and guide consistent (equivalent) forms of adaptive and expressive behaviour. (Personality 295) He believed that a trait exists within a person and is there even when a person is alone and away from the observation of others. Secondly, he believed that traits define behaviour and make it consistent. Traits, we must note from the outset, are not per se observables. Nor are they real entities. You will never be able to place them under a microscope. They are descriptive schemas that are the product of human reason and imagination. They serve a heuristic purpose, as do all other constructs about the world in which we live: namely, they give a conceptual order to our world and make it more comprehensible than it would be without them. That Allport ([1937] 1961), for example, stipulates that traits or personality for that matter have neuropsychic referents does not turn them into things (reify them so to speak). (Dumont 149) Allport clearly distinguished traits form types. Unlike traits types always have a biosocial reference. A man can be said to have a trait; but he cannot be said to have a type. Rather he fits a type.types exist not in people or in nature, but rather in the eye of the observer. Type includes more than is in the individual. Traits, on the contrary, are considered wholly within the compass of the individual. The crux of the distinction is that in a type the reference point is always some attribute, or cluster of corresponding attributes abstracted from various personalities. (Personality 295-296) Yet Allport was aware of the limitations involved in the study of traits: generalities of names; variability of emotions; the ability to observe only the act, which is the result of the trait rather than the trait itself. (Allport, Pattern and Growth 333-334) Even with the limitations involved in trait research, Allport believed them to be one of the strongest means for personality study. He did not blindly study personality traits, but tried to take into account all of the variables, for example: No trait theory can be sound unless it allows for, and accounts for, the variability of a persons conduct. Pressures from the surrounding environment, the companions he is with, and the counter current in the person himself may delay, augment, distort, or inhibit completely the conduct that we would normally expect to issue from a persons traits. . . . All this is true; yet in a persons stream of activity there is, besides a variable portion, likewise a constant portion; and it is this constant portion we seek to designate with the concept of trait. (Pattern and Growth 333) Allport draws a distinction between common traits and individual traits. A common trait identifies a trait which to some extent is reflected in many personalities. An individual trait, however, or personal disposition (as Allport came to call them), is peculiar to the individual. He points out that all traits are unique and no one trait can be found in more than one person. But at the same time for the science of personality and psychology to function properly it is important to compare individuals. Allport states that for all their ultimate differences, normal persons within a given culture-area tend to develop a limited number of roughly comparable modes of adjustment. The original endowment of most human beings, their stages of growth, and the demands of their particular society, are sufficiently standard and comparable to lead to some basic modes of adjustment that from individual to individual are approximately the same.(Pattern and Growth 298) Common traits are developed, according to Allport, because the human nature develops similar modes of adjusting to a similar environment, though varying degrees of individualism still exist (Pattern and Growth 349). Allport felt common traits were less important to the individual personality because they actually reflect the social mores developed through socialization, rather than personal choices. Therefore, common traits are constantly changing according to the growth, development, and fads of a particular society. Allport felt the very nature of the common trait made it less influential to the individual. Individual traits, on the other hand, have the capacity to initiate and guide consistent forms of adaptive and stylistic behaviour. (Allport, Pattern and Growth 373). However, Allport felt that for a complete and thorough study of personality both common and individual traits are essential: individual and common trait [concepts] are complementary in the study of personality. What is unique and what is universal both need to be explored. (Personality 299) Allport described traits by names. He identified approximately eighteen thousand words in the English language which named distinctive forms of personal behaviour. Though incomplete, Allport believed that, this list of words had an infinite scope. Allport categorized the 18,000 trait names: 30% have an evaluative flavour; 25% are comparative; 25% refer to temporary states of mind, mood, emotion, or activity, and 25% are metaphorical (Pattern and Growth 354-355). Allport was dissatisfied with the limitations of verbal tags. He recognized the weaknesses found in the subjective and limited nature of labelling: A trait of personality may or may not coincide with some well-defined, conventional social concept. . . It would be ideal if we could . . . find our traits first and then name them. But honesty, loyalty, neatness and tact, though encrusted with social significance, may likewise represent true traits of personality. The danger is that, in devising scales for their measurement, we may be bound by the conventional meanings and thus be led away from the precise integration as it exists in a given individual. Where possible, it would be well for us to find our traits first and then seek devaluated terms with which to characterize our discoveries. (Becoming 135) Allport understood that no single act is the product of only one trait, and a trait is only one factor in determining an act. (Allport, Pattern and Growth 334 and 360) This recognition of the complexity of the human nature led Allport to the conclusion that it is ridiculous to try to reduce human nature to a single element simply for the sake of explanation: We view personality in the only way it can be intelligibly viewedas a network of organization, composed of systems within systems, some systems of small magnitude and somewhat peripheral to the central or propriate structure, other systems of wider scope at the core of the total edifice; some easy to set into action, others more dormant; some so culturally conforming that they can readily be viewed as common; others definitely idiosyncratic. But in the last analysis this network-complying billions and billions of nerve cells, fashioned by a one-time heredity and by environmental experiences never duplicated-is ultimately unique. (Pattern and Growth 360) Although there is a certain degree of consistency found within the personality, the personality is not completely predictable. The inconsistency of dispositions could be due to a specific situation, or to the actual existence of opposite dispositions within an individual (Allport, Becoming 135). Allport felt that contradictory behaviour is often not contradictory at all, but a contrasting stylistic demonstration of the same personal disposition. What must be identified is the deepest disposition that is operating within an individual: Take the case of Dr. D., always neat about his person and desk, punctilious about lecture notes, outlines, and files; his personal possessions are not only in order but carefully kept under lock and key. Dr. D is also in charge of the departmental library. In this duty he is careless; he leaves the library door unlocked, and books are lost; it does not bother him that dust accumulates. Does this contradiction in behaviour mean that D lacks personal dispositions? Not at all. He has two opposed stylistic dispositions, one of orderliness and one of disorderliness. Different situations arouse different dispositions. Pursuing the case further, the duality is at least partly explained by the fact that D has one cardinal (motivational) disposition from which these contrasting styles proceed. The outstanding fact about his personality is that he is a self -centred egotist who never acts for other peoples interests, but always for his own. This cardinal self -centeredness (for which there is abundant evidence) demands orderliness for himself, but not for others. (Allport, Pattern and Growth 363) A particular trait can be identified and determined in a particular person only if the behaviour it characterises occurs repeatedly in by and large similar situations. According to Allport: A specific act is always the product of many determinants, not only of lasting sets, but of momentary pressures in the person and in the situation. It is only the repeated occurrence of acts having the same significance (equivalence of response) following upon a definable range of stimuli having the same personal significance (equivalence of stimuli) that makes necessary the inference of traits and personal dispositions. (Pattern and Growth 374) Allport put forward his classic doctrine of traits: A trait has more than nominal existence. A trait is more than a generalized habit. A trait is dynamic, or at least determinative. The existence of a trait may be established empirically or at least statistically. Traits are only relatively independent of each other. A trait of personality, psychologically considered, is not the same as a moral quality. Acts, and even habits, that are inconsistent with a trait are not proof of the nonexistence of the trait. A trait may be viewed either in the light of the personality which contains it, or in the light of its distribution in the population at large. (What is a Trait 368) Allport reasoned that some traits have more influence on an individual than other traits. He categorized these traits into three levels: Cardinal traits, Central traits and Secondary traits. Cardinal Traits A cardinal trait is so pervasive and outstanding in any given individual that almost every act can be traced to its influence and almost every aspect of a persons life is touched by it. A person is so dominated by the cardinal trait that it can rarely be hidden from others. (Allport, Pattern and Growth 365) Such a trait is so dominant in a person that the person comes to be known for that trait. It becomes almost synonymous to his personality. Examples of cardinal traits can be: narcissist and Casanova. A cardinal trait is considered to be rare and tends to develop in an individual at a later stage in his life. A person does not necessarily have only one cardinal trait, and this trait may change as a person matures and changes. (Allport, Pattern and Growth 365) Central Traits A central trait is less dominant as compared to a cardinal trait. Central traits form the foundation of an individuals personality. Central traits are easily detected characteristics within a person, traits that all people have a certain number of, five to ten on an average according to Allport. (Schultz 201) Secondary Traits On a less conspicuous level of influence are secondary dispositions. These traits are less generalized and less consistent than central dispositions. (Allport, Pattern and Growth 365) They might reflect something only a best friend would know. (Schultz 201). Allport did not set down any particular number of dispositions an individual might possess. How many dispositions has a person is a most audacious question, and can be answered in only a preliminary and speculative way. For many reasons the question is audacious: Behaviour is in continuous flow; dispositions never express themselves singly; people manifest contradictory dispositions in contradictory situations; furthermore, diagnostic methods are too ill developed to enable us to discover the answer. (Pattern and Growth 366) Allports trait theory can be summed up through the following diagram. Habits and attitudes are often confused with traits because of their similarities. Allport clearly defined habits and attitudes to avoid all confusion. According to Allport, a habit can function as a trait, but a trait is not always a habit. Habits are inflexible and specific in response to specific stimuli; traits are more generalized and variable in expression. (Allport, Pattern and Growth 346) A number of habits may be blended together to develop a trait; however, habits do not integrate automatically into traits. They do so when the person has some general concept or self image which leads to the fusion of the habit into a trait. (Allport, Pattern and Growth 346) Allport cites the example of a child brushing his teeth. A young child may be regarded as forming a specific habit when he learns (with difficulty) to brush his teeth night and morning. For some years this habit may stand alone, aroused only by appropriate commands or by the appropriate environmental situation. With the passing of years, however, brushing teeth becomes not only automatic (as is the way of habits) but likewise firmly woven into a much wider system of habits, viz., a trait of personal cleanliness. . . . The adult is uncomfortable if he omits brushing the teeth from his daily schedule, not only because a single habit is frustrated, but because the omission violates a general demand for cleanliness. (Allport, Personality 292) Allport explained that a trait is a fusion of habit and endowment rather than a colligation or chain of habits alone. (Personality 293) The transformation of habit to trait is simply when the motivation shifts from simple conditioned responses to a sheer liking of the activity as motivation. Then trait has become autonomous. (Allport, Personality 293) Allport distinguishes between a trait and an attitude in two ways. First, an attitude always has an object of reference; whereas, a trait does not direct itself specifically toward something. Second, an attitude is usually favourable or unfavourable, for or against. (Allport, Pattern and Growth 347) It involves a judgement or evaluation (pro or con), which a trait does not. (Schultz 200) Motivation According to Allport, the pivot of the theory of personality is the analysis of the nature of motivation. He defined motivation as any internal condition in a person that induces action or thought. (Pattern and Growth 196) Allport also believed a theory of motivation should meet four requirements: contemporaneity, pluralistic, cognitive process, and concrete uniqueness. (Schultz 201) Contemporaneity A theory of motivation must acknowledge the contemporaneity of motives. (Pattern and Growth 220) In other words, the importance of the present should be stressed: Motives leading to activity, it may be argued, are always operative at the time the activity takes place. Allport added, That which drives, drives now. (The Use of Personal 80) Allport was aware, however, that in complex adult motives the past is, to some degree, alive in the present. He considered it, however, the task of the psychologist to discover how much of the past is fire and how much of it is ashes. (Allport, Pattern and Growth 219) To think that the motives of mankind are essentially unchanged from birth until death seemed to Allport inadequate at best. (Pattern and Growth 203) That which once motivated, does not necessarily motivate always. It is important to realize the past is only important if it exists as a present or current motivating force, or is dynamically active in the present. (Allport, Pattern and Gro wth 220) More precisely stated, it is the unfinished structure that has this dynamic power. A finished structure is static; but a growing structure, tending toward a given direction of closure, has the capacity to subsidiate the guide conduct in conformity with its movement. (Allport, Becoming 91) Pluralistic Allport believed that a theory of motivation must have room for multiple motives. Motivation cannot be reduced to one general phase or drive. Some motives are transient, some recurring; some are momentary, others persistent; some unconscious, others conscious; some opportunistic, others propriate; some tension-reducing, others tension-maintaining. Motives are so diverse in type that we find it difficult to discover the common denominator. About all we can say is that a persons motives include all that he is trying (consciously or unconsciously, reflexly or deliberately) to do. (Pattern and Growth 221) Simplification does not explain motivation. Neither does reducing its strands to the simplified model of the machine, the animal, the child, or the pathological. (Pattern and Growth 222) A theory of motivation should allow that there may be some truth in each theory. (Pattern and Growth 221) Cognitive Process A theory of motivation must acknowledge the importance of the cognitive processes e.g. planning and intention. (Allport, Pattern and Growth 222) Allports requirement of cognitive process gives emphasis to the individuals conscious plans and intentions. These conscious intentions represent, above all else, the individuals primary mode of addressing the future. (Becoming 89) Thus, cognitive process stresses the importance of the future in the motivating process of the personality. Alport believed that all individuals possess the power of thought and it is this thought process which leads them to form decisions. Hence, an individuals intent should be central to understanding his personality. Allport defined intention as what an individual is trying to do, and he included several features of motivation derived from the concept of intention: The cognitive and emotive processes in personality become fused into an integral urge. The intention, like all motivation, exists in the present, but has strong future orientation. Use of the concept helps us to trace the course of motivation as lives are actually livedinto the future and not, as most theories do, backward into the past. It tells us what sort of future a person is trying to bring about and this is the most important question we can ask about any mortal. The term has a flavour of tension maintained and thus reflects the true condition of all long range motives. When we identify major intentions in a life we have a device for holding subsidiary trends in perspective. (Pattern and Growth 223). Allport believed the present should be explained more in terms of the future, not the past. It is more important to identify what a person intends to do and how they are presently acting out this intention, than to look toward the past of an individuals childhood or development. Unfortunately the concept of intention is not prominent in current psychology. The reason is that it connotes purpose, the efficacy of conscious planning, and a pull that mans image of the future exerts on his present conduct. . . . the more favoured physicalistic conception would say that he is pushed by his motives (not pulled by his intentions). Many psychologists would say that drives take entire care of what we here call intention. Yet drives as such are blind. They do not allow for organization and direction by cognitive attitudes, by foresight, by cortical control. (Allport, Pattern and Growth 224)

Ho families are changing :: essays research papers

How Families Are Changing†¦ For the Better The present structure of the average family in America is changing, mainly due to the growing number of mothers who now work outside the home. The current mark of dual-earner families stands at 64 percent, making it a solid majority today. This alteration of the â€Å"traditional† structure of the family is a catalyst for other changes that may soon occur. One of the changes that recently have been evident is the increased participation of men in the family’s raising of children. Of course, this is almost essential considering nearly two-thirds of all women now work out-side the home. Among other changes, women’s new economic gains have made marriages increasingly egalitarian. This leads both spouses to have more flexibility in choosing careers and balancing family life. Children today are increasingly being taught new values about the roles of men and women. Day care is becoming increasingly prevalent and is becoming somewhat of an extended family. Also, institutions outside the family such as the workplace and schools are creating the biggest stresses for parents. The biggest reason for all the changes at home are that women demand them, and their new economic resources carry a lot of weight in the decision. This has also led for the young men of today to increasingly accept this new domestic structure. Often, they choose wives which seem as their equals, as opposed to someone who â€Å"does not bring home the bacon.† Though, men today often feel threatened because they no longer solely own the breadwinner role. This leads to increased stress for men, who not only want to remain breadwinners, but also want to increase the time spent with their children. Yet, today’s families have come to face some big stresses dealing with institutions that have not advanced as far. Workplaces often do not offer flexible schedules to employees, while schools are still structured as if mothers still solely remained at home. Work schedules also provide a very difficult time schedule that often conflicts with domestic responsibilities. This has lead to inflexible schedules being on of the top sources of stress for parents.

External and Internal Environmental Analysis Essay

â€Å"Environmental scanning is the internal communication of external information about issues that may potentially influence an organization’s decision-making process† (Albright, 2004, p. 34). For organizations like Fresenius Medical Care, a worldwide company, the awareness of external environmental factors is vital to maintain competitive on the dialysis industry. Even though there are multiple external factors to analyze, in recent years the government works as an element of change on the medical industry with the biggest health reform in United States history. The health reform will affect the way Fresenius makes business because the company needs to adapt the new payments-per-service coverage and sustain quality of service as well as profitability. External Environmental Scan Remote Environment â€Å"The remote environment comprises five factors that originate beyond, and usually irrespective of, any single firm’s operating situation: economic, social, political, technological, and ecological factors† (Pearce II & Robinson, 2012, p. 87). The organization has no control or regulation over these factors. The remotes environmental factors influence the way Fresenius Medical Care offers dialysis services, especially the economic and political factors. The economic factor describes the organization awareness of the â€Å"general availability of credit, the level of disposable income, and the propensity of people to spend† (Pearce II & Robinson, 2012, p. 87). Fresenius target market is end-stage-renal-disease patients with health care insurance. The economic factor will affect Fresenius target and the ability to pay for dialysis treatment and medications. The â€Å"political factors define the legal and regulatory parameters within which firms must operate† (Pearce II & Robinson, 2012, p. 90). A good example of political factor is the Obama Care Law or Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The president Barak Obama signs the law in 2010 with the purpose of providing accessibility to affordable medical care to the Americans and to reduce the government expenses. For-profits entities like Fresenius Medical Care have to adapt the new regulations and create a strategic plan to avoid the potential reduction on profit. Industry Environment â€Å"Industry environment is the general conditions for competition that influence all businesses that provide similar products and services† (Pearce II & Robinson, 2012, p. 97). There are five forces that Michael E. Porter, a Harvard University professor, uses to describe the industry competition (Pearce II & Robinson, 2012). These forces are entry barriers, supplier power, buyer power, substitute availability, and competitive rivalry (Pearce II & Robinson, 2012). Fresenius Medical Care major competitor in the United States is Davita Dialysis Center. Fresenius recognizes and study the competitor’s strategies to strength the organization. The Obama Care law affects the dialysis industry by changing the medication coverage. Fresenius competitor owns pharmaceuticals with capability to serve the dialysis patients as soon the law becomes active in 2016. Fresenius identifies the threat of substitute of the competitor and create a program that provides medications to the patients and increase the company profitability even before the law is effective. The goal for Fresenius is to enroll a 100% of patients with Medicare in Fresenius Rx program by the end of 2013. So far Fresenius is at 20% of the goal in California. Operating Environment The external operating environment seems to be closer to the firm than the remote and the industry environments. Operating environment includes the following factors: competitors, creditors, customers, labor, and supplier (Pearce II & Robinson, 2012). The proximity of these factors implies that the company may have more interaction and more awareness of the environmental changes. For example, Fresenius study the effect of the new health reform on the main competitor, Davita Dialysis, the patients, the employees, the pharmaceutical suppliers, and medication distributors. Fresenius uses this information to create new strategies and reform the internal environment. Internal Environmental Scan Strengths â€Å"A strength is a resource or capability controlled by or available to a firm that gives it an advantage relative to its competitors in meeting the needs of the customers it serves† (Pearce II & Robinson, 2012, p. 151). Fresenius Medical Care is a German company with more than 70 years of experience in the dialysis industry. The company operates worldwide and has â€Å"more than 2,100 dialysis facilities in North America† (Fresenius Medical Care, n. d. , p. 1). In addition to the experience and knowledge, Fresenius is â€Å"the continent’s top producer of dialysis equipment, dialyzers and related disposable products and a major supplier of renal pharmaceuticals† (Fresenius Medical Care, n. d. , p. 1). Another important strength is the high quality standards on the services and products that the company provides. Weakness With the strength comes the weakness. â€Å"A weakness is a limitation or deficiency in one or more of a firm’s resources or capabilities relative to its competitors that create a disadvantage in effectively meeting customer needs† (Pearce II & Robinson, 2012, p. 151). The weakness that the company confronts with the new health care reform is the pharmaceutical capability. The pharmacy should be ready to serve â€Å"hundreds of thousands of people throughout the United States† (Fresenius Medical Care, n. d. , p. 1) by 2016. Fresenius has two pharmacies that provide services to more than 2,000 facilities. The prescription delivery time fluctuates between two days and two weeks, which gives advantage to the competitors. Another weakness that Fresenius has is the pressure putting into the employees to meet the project deadlines. This pressure may cause work accidents, employees’ exhaustion or the reason for knowledgeable employees to move and work with the competitors. Competitive Position and Possibilities Competitive advantage is the â€Å"company’s unique skills and resources working to implement strategies that competitors cannot implement as effectively† (Olsen, 2013, p. 1) Fresenius Medical Care (FMC) has a competitive advantage position because the company keeps the vanguard on dialysis product innovation and quality of service. FMC is the major product provider of the competitors in United States as well. A strategic alliance between FMC and the competitors may help the industry to survive the new health care reform and the implications to dialysis treatment payments. This alliance may reduce the cost of the medications and improve customer service by delivering medications the same day of the prescription order. If an alliance is impossible, the knowledge, and experience in strategic planning that characterize Fresenius, will lead the company to a new plan to keep profitability while doing business. Other possibilities may be open more pharmacies around the United States, and diversify the medications inventory. In this way Fresenius will be able to fill any medication prescription to the patients as well as improve delivery time. Organizational Structure and Performance â€Å"Organizational structure refers to the formalized arrangements of interaction between and responsibility for the tasks, people, and resources in an organization† (Pearce II & Robinson, 2012, p. 321). Fresenius Medical Care has a traditional matrix organizational structure â€Å"in which functional and staff personnel are assigned to both a basic functional area and to a project or product manager† (Pearce II & Robinson, 2012, p. 326). This type of structure helps large companies to concentrate in projects like the creation of strategic plan to meet the government health reform and meet the company’s goal. Conclusion The external and internal environmental analysis brings information to Fresenius Medical Care (FMC) that the company uses to strengthen the company and be aware of potential treats and opportunities. For example, the external remote environment factor that influences the company’s structure is the new government health care reform or the Obama Care Law by changing the amount of payment per dialysis treatment. The external industry and operating environments analysis provide information about the competitor’s strategies in relation to the new regulations. Davita Dialysis Center represents FMC biggest competitor. Fresenius strengths are experience, knowledge, innovation, biggest producer of dialysis materials, and high quality measures. Fresenius weaknesses are the pharmacy capability, deadlines, and pressure. Fresenius uses the strength to improve pharmacy services; decrease employees work pressure, and maintain competitive, and profitable in the dialysis industry. Fresenius organizational structure helps the company to meet the company’s goals, mission, and mission. The matrix structure permits functional employees to work in special projects, perform a functional work, and meet the company’s expectations. For example, Fresenius has the Registered Dietitians working on FMC Rx (Company’s pharmacy) enrollment project and performing regular dietitian job. The dietitian reports to the manager of operations as well as the Clinical Manager. References Albright, K. S. (2004, May/June). Environmental scanning: radar for success. Information Management, 38(3), 38. Retrieved from http://www. arma. org/ bookstore/files/Albright. pdf Fresenius medical care. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://jobs. fmcna. com/ Olsen, E. (2013). About. com. Retrieved from http://homebusiness. about. com/od/growing/a/comp_advantage. htm Pearce II, J. A. , & Robinson, R. B. (2012). Strategic Management (13th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

18 Terrific Christmas Gifts Ideas For College Students

18 Terrific Christmas Gifts Ideas For College Students Oh, the weather outside is frightful†¦ Isnt it? And you still have to get outside and buy gifts for your college friends. Oh, wait! You can actually stay at home and just order them online. Its definitely not the hardest but not the easiest thing to do. Check out our list of Christmas gifts for college students before your shopping anxiety starts. Gadgets A perfect gift is not only nice and memorable but also useful, especially for a student. Gadgets are great helpers in studying. Hence they are brilliant gifts. Ask yourself what you would like to get for Christmas. Perhaps, your friends have the same tastes. Also, you need to make sure your friends dont already own one of the items you want to get for them. Some of the gadgets listed below may become one of the best motivational gifts for college students. 1 Headphones Wireless or noise-canceling headphones are what each college student needs for concentrating while studying in noisy dorm rooms. They are pretty affordable, and there are a bunch of various types of them. Wireless headphones are great for working out, running or doing chores while listening to favorite music or audiobook. Noise canceling headphones are designed to block ambient noises and talks so that one can focus while studying. Source 2 Portable chargers Your friends will definitely appreciate a charger as a gift. Having your devices dead while not be able to plug it in might become a tense situation. Portable and wireless chargers are multipurpose and can be used with different gadgets. There are even solar chargers which are indispensable while camping. Source 3 Digital cameras Although modern cell phones have built-in cameras, students who are interested in photography would prefer professional digital camera. They have much more features and will be more functional for vlogs and photoshoots. You can easily find a compact and powerful camera for under $500. Source 4 Digital notepads Its easier to carry one small notepad in your bag or backpack rather than a pile of notebooks. It saves all the written files to Evernote account and it is great for taking notes or drawing schemes, charts, maps, and diagrams. Quick access to files and high usability makes digital notepads great gifts. Source 5 Bluetooth speakers Portable speakers are great for parties or relaxed chilling out. It can play music, audio books and calming sounds of nature or white noise. It can be voice-controlled and connected to any device. Source 6 Fitness trackers Dont forget about sports lovers. Sports watches help to keep track of pulse, burnt calories and the number of miles you run daily. They are one of the best gifts for college boyfriend or girlfriend. Source Games, Interests, and Hobbies 1 Party games â€Å"Never have I ever† set or â€Å"Cards Against Humanity† will draw attention to your friend if he or she brings it to a party. They are affordable, funny and easy to play, so if you dont know what to give your friend for Christmas, buy some good board game. Source 2 A survival set If your college mate is interested in hiking or forest exploring, get him a backpack with a built-in solar battery, or a multipurpose knife with a set of different useful tools for camping. There are also sets that contain everything you need for surviving in the wild nature or in case of zombie apocalypse. This is an excellent gift for guys. Source 3 Craft materials Its a great gift for college girls and boys who are in love with crafting. Consider these items: supplies for knitting (yarn, needles, and crochets); supplies for woodcarving (wax, carbon sheets, wooden mallet); materials for jewelry making (beads, cords, threads, and tools); wax and molds for candle making. It all depends on what kind of handicraft your buddy prefers. Just ask what they need and they will appreciate your attention to their hobby. Source 4 Personalized T-shirts or bags Find out if your friend is a fan of a certain band, movie or comic-book characters. Its much easier to buy a perfect gift for a person whose tastes you are familiar with. Afterward, you should go for an online-shopping for the item you chose. Source 5 Funny gifts It may be a set of party glasses with funny lettering, joking book (â€Å"The Manual to Manhood,† â€Å"Lifes Missing Instruction Manual†), a funny pillow or a pack of lottery tickets. Source 6 Gift cards It is a present for someone who you think will spend money more wisely than you. You can find different kinds of gift cards for many stores online, even Itunes. And dont forget about subscriptions, such as for Netflix. Source Household Items And Devices Being away from home may be difficult and intimidating. You may find some of these useful Christmas gift ideas for college freshmen and other students suitable for this year presents. Keep in mind the items youll see below if youre looking for a gift for college boyfriend or girlfriend. 1 A cookbook or cooking utensils Its always a great gift for a beginner cook, especially for a student who has left his home and now is about to start adult life with cooking his own meal. Who knows, maybe one day your present will lead your friend to become the next Jamie Oliver. Source 2 A portable vacuum cleaner Keeping a dorm room clean might be hard sometimes. Portable vacuum cleaners with sanitizing feature are great gifts for students who live in rooms with a messy person. Such vacuum cleaners are compact and easy to transport, and still, they are powerful enough to clean the room perfectly. Source 3 Cozy socks or pajamas Gifts that make your friend feeling like home are a perfect cure for homesick. Pick some cozy and warm pajamas and a pair of funny socks. Wearing warm and soft pajamas and a pair of socks with funny prints will create a Christmas mood even if your friend is far from home at the time. Source 4 Candles and blankets These are great gifts for college girls because they love making their bedrooms neat and cozy. Some good smelling candles and furry woolen blankets will make a great present in a cold wintry day. Source 5 Instant photo printers for phones Help your college friend to decorate a room with printed photos to make the atmosphere brighter and more relaxed. Instant printers dont have any wires. You can use them to print favorite photos from any cell phone. Source 6 A travel mug or a water bottle Thermal mugs help to keep your drinks hot or cold for a long time. So they are very useful when one needs to spend hours in a library or when someone is going to be outside for a long period of time. Coffee-loving college students should get enough caffeine or they can start freaking out. Source Find the best present for your college friend, considering their preferences. But if you are unaware of what preferences they have, theres a thing each student needs money. We know that sound boring, but its better than nothing. Perhaps, the next year you will succeed to choose some better presents.

Historical Development of Health Care Ethics Methods

Historical Development of Health Care Ethics Methods Introduction Medical ethics is an area that has aroused enthusiasm and controversy in terms of investigation and finding a position in society. In raising and sustaining interest, medical ethics continue to draw more considerable attention in terms of research and inquiry. On the other hand, controversy has been ignited to a standstill in classifying medical ethics as either a field or a discipline.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Historical Development of Health Care Ethics Methods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, according to definitions that have been provided to discipline and field, together with what methods constitute, Sugarman and Sulmasy opine that medical ethics should be perceived as a field that embraces inquiry and integrates many subjects rather than viewing it as a discipline on its own.1 In the midst of all this, common sense still drive among scholars in this field due to their uniform consensus that medical ethics as a body of knowledge cannot function on its own instead it functions appropriately depending on other areas. The position taken by the authors point out to one thing, medical ethicists share ordinary subject matter but the diverse disciplinary mode of investigation of the subject. Therefore, to medical ethicists, the shared common theme is the normative aspect of health care and the way they approach this is through the integration of wide varieties of disciplines2. Consequently, the various disciplines in their nature employ a wide variety of methods, whereby some of the ways are shared by different disciplines while others are unique to a particular subject. 3 Notably, medical ethics has been explained as a field that embraces different disciplines and methods hence the rise of diverse sub-areas of interests and specialization. For instance, there are medical ethicists with backgrounds in philosophy, theology, healthcare, history, and to me ntion but a few. Consequently, the majority of medical ethics have specialized in critical areas of education, consulting, policy analysis and writing, and expert witness. Further, just like any other field, medical ethicists are not experts all-round, and specialization characterizes medical ethicists.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Indeed, today it is conventional to find specialists in research ethics, ethical issues in genetics, public health ethics, ethical issues at the end of life, and many more depending on academic, training, and professional background.4 Understanding bioethics and its contribution to a broader body of knowledge of medicine require an adequate account of the field history since its inception to its current position. It is in this respect that this research paper aims at providing the historical development of healthcare ethics meth ods with the aim to understand how normative practices in healthcare ethics have developed over time. Bioethics in the early stages Traditional period The development of bioethics is perceived to be heavily implicated by multiple factors and occurrences in the history of humanity and progress in medicine and biology. Before the period of 1945, development in medicine was appreciated and encouraged as solutions to humankind problems became inevitable. However, it is also during this period that laxity in moral probity was pronounced.5 What majority of practitioners thought was necessary was the recitation of the Hippocratic Oath upon graduating as medical practitioners6. As a result, the period before 1945 was primarily characterized by little consideration of medical ethics, and many of practitioners were probably guided by informal and self-convictions of moral beliefs and character. Many people viewed the practitioners to be, â€Å"jealous, quarrelsome, and delighted in annoying and ridiculing each other†.7 In general, medical practitioners had established mistrust among the people, and the overall actions of the practitioners were viewed to be aimed at killing and not saving lives. All was not lost, as this was the period when it could be said the birth of medical ethics was inevitable, and expectations were high. This was the period when patterns of medical ethics became a constant novelty in the field of medicine. The work of Richard Cabot (1869-1939) became the driving force in initiating medical ethics during this period. Cabot noted that medical practitioners need some forms of medical ethics to carry out their duties more effectively. All together, Cabot observed that medical practitioners required a thorough understanding of aspects of diseases including: causes, signs, symptoms, courses, prognoses, treatments, as it pertains to individual patients.8Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Historical Development of H ealth Care Ethics Methods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the above expression, Cabot observed that the new roles and duties of doctors were to be premised within lenses of moral and ethical performance of a task. This led the author to propose numerous measures that practitioners were to abide to establish and seek extensive cooperation between physicians and all subsequent professionals that have an interest in the care management of the patient. Further, the need for accurate records of patient care which was to be effectively kept and analyzed. Next, the number of patients each doctor was supposed to treat was to be undertaken in a way that does not compromise attention to other patients. Also, practitioners were required to inform their patients about their diagnosis, and their treatment explained to them more appropriately. Moreover, practitioners were to uphold  the utmost respects for their patients and not be used for teachi ng purposes without their consent. Besides, senior practitioners were required to ensure they respect their juniors and  the harmonious relationship established between them. Lastly, disputes among the profession were to be handled by established committees. Development of medical ethics in the 1950s 1945 to around 1950 acted as a period of transition from the traditional period. During this period, a lot of observation had been made, and some of the practitioners developed a passion for sanctifying the negative perception that had developed and persisted in the field. One such figure that became prominent during this period was known as Ceriani.9 In the company of other practitioners, the doctor embarked on activities and strategies that eventually saw some organization in the field of medicine. For instances, the combined efforts of the practitioners resulted into improvement in medical education, an organization in the field especially with the adoption of code of ethics, regul ation of the licensure in the area, stigmatization of immoral acts in the field and improvement of the overall administration of medicine. Efforts during this period were directed at reclaiming the moral image of medicine as a field. Subsequently, there was the establishment of the Code of Ethics by the American Medical Association. The code became essential and beneficial to the field, especially in informing medical practitioners about their primary duty to the patients. According to expressions in the system, the practitioners were to refrain from unorthodox, uneducated and unethical practices that could harm their patients.10Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Growth of medical ethics in the 1960s Momentum in medical ethics was evidenced in the early 1960s, especially after the revision that was done on the Code of Ethics in 1966. Upon this ratification in 1966, medical ethics were reduced from an earlier number of ten to seven, and the expression of these principles was in clear terms. On overall, the established principles required physicians to uphold utmost respect for the rights of the patients they were attending, to improve on their professional skills, to operate with the disciplinary limits of the profession willingly, to ensure thorough consultation where necessary, to keep confidences and to always work as good citizens.11 Together, the principles outlined limitations on the extent physicians could restrict or allow independent medical judgment or on how to obtain professional income other than the outlined remuneration for services. Consequently, it became clear that ethics performed the role that ensured professional cohesion and respectability. Contribution of religion to the growth of bioethics Ethics within the understanding of religion The position of theologists is that theology is composed of specific norms that can be applied comprehensively to any new or complicated situation in the environment.12 As such, theology promotes understanding that the presence of beliefs about creation, responsibility, sin, and salvation are adopted to ensure that individuals act within the specified moral limits and a clear direction of progress is established.13 Thus, a religious position can be interpreted to postulate that there are a universal human nature and an acceptable unified ideal of the good society. To reinforce this, medical ethicists in the Catholic community observe that people have a common environment and an acceptable allied model of good society.14 As a result of having shared experiences and common fundamental values, a common ground always emerges of what to permit, prohibit, or limit about sci ence, innovation, and genetic engineering. In their overall applications, it is expressed that the ethical methods of theology cannot be perceived to be either separated or insulated from one another or even detached from the realities and dilemmas of particular historical contexts. Theologists’ contribution to the development of bioethics During the early 1960s, the majority of theologists commanded significant influence in outlining the basic ethics in the medical field. For instance, theologists, in this period, became pivotal in defining questions that guided the emerging field. It is anticipated and almost accepted the conclusion that the desire of theologists together with that of philosophers was largely ignited by the emergence of new biomedical technologies.15 Bioethics exhibit great appreciative work from critical protestant theologians such as Joseph Fletcher, Paul Ramsey, and James Gustafson, who is contributing to the emerging field, incorporated ideas of selfs o f the vital bodies the theologians served under include National Commission on the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1974); and the President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical Behavioral Research in 197920. By being part of these bodies, the theologians became key pillars in providing resourceful help in the creation of bioethics institutes. For instance, the early publication and edition of the Encyclopedia of Bioethics were immensely designed and enriched by theologians. The success of theologians in their various capacities in these initial stages of bioethics development can be associated to the presence of long-standing traditions of reflection on life, death, and suffering which had provided a fertile ground for the establishment of moral conduct norms and moral philosophy at the moment of development.21 Development of bioethics in institutions Role of conferences Before institutions and centers b ecame the major fortified avenues in which bioethics methods were cemented and developed, meetings played significant roles. The discussions became critical in the 1960s when considerable changes in terms of innovations and development were being realized in medicine. This was a turmoil period in medicine as social and ethical problems emerged from the increasing medical and scientific progress.22 In the majority of these conferences held in major cities of the USA, medical scientists gathered to discuss the significant issues that were affecting the medical field as science and technology became inevitable. Themes of the conferences leaned significantly to the morality of medicine and the area as large where the idea was to explore how well drug could perform in larger society even as social and ethical problems became a setback. According to S. Marsh, one of the conferences key personalities, medicine in the growing science and technological world was becoming remote and indiffere nt to human values.23 As a result, there was a need for the field of medicine to remind itself of the fact that it is a human factor that should override everything else in medicine administration. Due to this, Tenney, observed that the primary aim of the conferences during the time was to, â€Å"examine the issues of conscience in medical and scientific progress, not simply the question of the survival or the extinction of man, but what kind of survival and a future of what nature?†24 This led to a cornucopia of time during the conferences being dedicated to discussing genetics and brain sciences and mainly to discuss and debate ethical considerations that could guide the identified issues. Institutions and centers where bioethics developed The end of the 1960s and start of a new decade of 1970s witnessed the shift of debates and discussions of medical ethics from the conferences to development and enrichment of medical ethics in interpretive centers. The observation that wa s made for this was that there was a paramount need to move from conferences and its procedures to a more disciplined, careful, long-range way of operation in which concrete solutions to emerging ethical problems could be found.25 Institutions were preferred as the best avenues given their relative possession of critical resources that could be used in establishing concrete bioethics methods. The foundation of the centers was largely ingrained in tremendous work of conferences where materials from meetings became tools of developing framework of research, which now had to be carried out in permanent centers. As a result, three key centers which became avenues for the development and growth of bioethics discourse were created. These centers included the Institute of Society, Ethics and the Life Sciences (The Hastings Center); the Kennedy Institute of Ethics at Georgetown University; and the Society for Health and Human Values26. The Hastings Center became operational in the mid-1960s , pioneered by Dan Callahan and William Gaylin. The need to do intensive research on abortion is what drove Dan Callahan into developing the desire to initiate the center. Observation made by Dan was that the list of controversial moral questions that were appearing in the biomedical world was becoming more abundant and given that conferences and media had become prominent, the issue was that there was the absence of provision for concentrated interdisciplinary study.27 Therefore, the effect of abortion and its related aspects could not be explored adequately outside an established center of a distinguished body of literature and concrete frameworks. After the initial processes of equipping the center with adequate human resource and infrastructure, four areas emerged in which the center became prominent in terms of research: death and dying, behavior control, genetic engineering and counseling, and population control. Activities of the center became famous mainly through the organi zing of symposium and conferences. As a result, the center is credited for inviting and having one of the largest pools of scientists and non-scientists who came together for topical discussions and debates which propelled bioethics into the intellectual map.28 The Kennedy Institute’s pioneer was Andre E. Hallegers, a research scientist in the area of fetal physiology. As a research scientist, Andre became prominent in organizing conferences on abortion, especially in 1967, which he did in collaboration with Kennedy Foundation. After the conference, the scientist developed an urge that occasional meetings could not address the emerging issues in reproductive sciences and what was needed was a center that could turn to be a scholarly unit for these issues. As the center developed into a full academic organization, it was clear that it became an avenue where bioethics studies became more pronounced and an avenue where organization and assembling of scientists and moral ethicist s shared platform and knowledge that became critical and resourceful in development of bioethics. More so, the center is credited with fostering professorships, fellowships, and courses by creating the tools for research specifically in the Bibliography of Bioethics and the Encyclopedia of Bioethics.29 Another center was the Society for Health and Human Values, which was appreciated for its role in the development of the field of bioethics. The center was a matured idea following discussion between United Ministries in Education and Methodist and Presbyterian Churches. Primary aims for the establishment of the center rose from the identified concern to do with ‘depersonalization of medical students and the tendency to teach mechanistic medicine30. As a way of providing the necessary contribution in the medical field, the society became critical in identifying the related problems, forming groups that could develop methods to clarify and assist in solving the issues and subsequ ently developing a change in professional attitude and public awareness. Following this, the society became deep-seated in identifying and solving ethical issues in health care and advocating for medical humanities. This way, the community did participate significantly in the creation and development of bioethics methods. Conclusion In this short account on the development of healthcare ethics, it has become clear that the field of bioethics possesses multiple origins in interdependent areas. Nevertheless, the majority of early contributors and field development were drawn from theology institutions, and their overall role to the ground is enormous. However, it has to be remembered that as time has elapsed, the field of bioethics has continued to grow and expand, especially as dynamism engulfs the entire field of medicine and society. Development of science and technology has guaranteed the continued growth of the field of bioethics, which is likely to continue. Although the field i n concerted efforts to establish its unique methods, it should not be forgotten that much will still come from other areas, a situation that will see bioethics continue to depend on other disciplines. Endnotes 1 Jeremy Sugarman and Daniel P. Sulmasy, Methods in Medical Ethics (WA: Georgetown University Press, 2010) p.5. 2 Jeremy Sugarman and Daniel P. Sulmasy, ibid, p.79 3 Jeremy Sugarman and Daniel P. Sulmasy, ibid, p.6. 4 Jeremy Sugarman and Daniel P. Sulmasy, ibid, p.7. 5 Albert R. Jonsen, The Birth of Bioethics (NY: Oxford University Press, 1998) p.4. 6 Albert R. Jonsen, ibid, p.100 7 Albert R. Jonsen, ibid, p.5. 8 Albert R. Jonsen, ibid, p.6. 9 Albert R. Jonsen, ibid, p.7. 10 Albert R. Jonsen, ibid, p.8. 11 Albert R. Jonsen, ibid, p.9. 12 Jeremy Sugarman and Daniel P. Sulmasy, ibid, p.34. 13 Jeremy Sugarman and Daniel P. Sulmasy, ibid, p.73. 14 Albert R. Jonsen, ibid, p.79. 15 Jeremy Sugarman and Daniel P. Sulmasy, ibid, p.75. 16 Jeremy Sugarman and Daniel P. Sulmasy, ibid, p.4 1 17 Albert R. Jonsen, ibid, p.73. 18 Jeremy Sugarman and Daniel P. Sulmasy, ibid, p.76. 19 Jeremy Sugarman and Daniel P. Sulmasy, ibid, p.35. 20 Jeremy Sugarman and Daniel P. Sulmasy, ibid, p.36. 21 Jeremy Sugarman and Daniel P. Sulmasy, ibid, p.77. 22 Jeremy Sugarman and Daniel P. Sulmasy, ibid, p.13. 23 Jeremy Sugarman and Daniel P. Sulmasy, ibid, p.14. 24 Jeremy Sugarman and Daniel P. Sulmasy, ibid, p.15. 25 Jeremy Sugarman and Daniel P. Sulmasy, ibid, p.18. 26 Jeremy Sugarman and Daniel P. Sulmasy, ibid, p.20. 27 Jeremy Sugarman and Daniel P. Sulmasy, ibid, p.21. 28 Jeremy Sugarman and Daniel P. Sulmasy, ibid, p.22. 29 Jeremy Sugarman and Daniel P. Sulmasy, ibid, p.23. 30 Jeremy Sugarman and Daniel P. Sulmasy , ibid, p.24 Bibliography Jonsen, Albert. R. The Birth of Bioethics. NY: Oxford University Press, 1998. Sugarman Jeremy and Sulmasy, Daniel. Methods in Medical Ethics. WA: Georgetown University Press, 2010.