Early Language and Development Essay Example for Free

Early Language and Development Essay Language is a complex and abstract endeavor, wonderfully creative at the same time governed by a multitude of rules. Before the age of 1 year, babies communicate with intent, primarily through the use of body orientation, facial expressions, gestures, and nonsymbolic vocalizations that mimic the intonations of their native language. At the end of the first year, however, many babies are beginning to use word approximations, consistent combinations of sounds as a transition to language, a symbolic system of communication. During the toddler years, language development is focused on semantics, or the meaning of words, and on syntax the rules of grammar for the language. (Slentz, et al. , 2001) Early language developments are crucial stage to one’s life. Baby’s language are through actions, and it could mean various meaning. Babies can’t speak yet, but they have their own ways to let us know how they feel. From the beginning, a mother and baby can be seen attuning to each other. They copy each other’s movements and expressions with mutual relaxed smiles, and later with laughing delight. (Clulow, et al. , 1993) Attunement is an essential factor for speech and language in general. According to John Bowlby (1980) early month – infant bonding and attachment are crucial to early language and development, thus it should be given importance by the mother to her baby as soon the baby was born. It is also noted that our feelings are easier to convey or communicated with infants. For an instance, baby cries when he hears another baby crying or when a mother the mother is angry while holding the baby, the baby becomes fussy. (Klein, 1987) Moreover, at an early stage, the mother’s speech affirms and responds to the infant’s eagerness to become involved in â€Å"proto-conversation†, a non – verbal form of discourse. Speech engages attention, communicates feelings, and facilitates social interaction as well as facilitating language acquisition. (Clulow, et al. , 1993) If a mother cannot attune to her baby’s rhythm then, as a result the baby will become distressed. This in turn stresses his mother, usually upsetting more, so that a vicious circle is likely. From birth onwards, children can be regarded as active participants in interaction. As for intentionality, young children develop along a continuum, in which they gradually learn to use more sophisticated and conventional means to communicate and also demonstrate increasing competence in intentionally conveying meanings to their interactive partners. The most common communicative functions of early intentional communicative acts have been found to be requests for objects/actions and comments on objects/actions (Paavola et al. ,2005) A mother’s ability to monitor her child’s visual attention and exhibition of a vocal or an exploratory act and then to respond promptly, contingently and appropriately is usually referred to as responsiveness. There is a lot of evidence for the supporting role of maternal responsiveness in child language development However; the efficacy of maternal responsiveness may not be global. Instead, it has been suggested that certain aspects of responsiveness are more predictive than others to particular language outcomes in the child. Furthermore, it is possible that children differ in their needs to be guided and supported by their mothers, which leads to differences in maternal role in early interactions (Paavola et al. , 2005) According to Harris (1992) the relationship between the cognitive/perceptual processes involved in development and the childs linguistic experiences. The first steps in language development and the role of adult-child interaction (both verbal and nonverbal) are very important. The focus is on the way parentsmothers in particularstructure the childs language-learning experiences so that they are conducive to the steps the child must take to master the first stages of language acquisition. Moreover, Harris (1992) concludes that early lexical development (the learning of an initial vocabulary) may be more sensitive to individual differences in parental interaction styles than has been demonstrated to be the case for syntactic development. Hence, the emphasis of the monograph is on the period and processes of parent interaction and child language development from the pre-verbal phases, from 6 month of age, through to the appearance of word combinations, around 2 years of age; that is, roughly Browns (1973) Stage I and early Stage 2. There are 3 major theoretical controversies about the nature and process of language development; the research into the influence of adult speech on childrens learning language; the role of the social interactional context in assisting language development; the childs use of the immediate referential context in progressing through the first steps in language development; and what constitutes appropriate evidence with which to address these issues. (Harris, 1992) In the early weeks of life, pragmatic skills (responding to verbal and non-verbal aspects of language) develop as babies interact with their carers through crying, blinking and smiling. First words appear between 12 and 18 months. (http://www. literacytrust. org. uk/Research/earlylanguage. html) ? 12-month-olds can distinguish between words, mouth sounds and object noises. They have linguistically specific knowledge of the privileged status of language. (Pruden, et al. , (2006) ? Children aged 18 to 35 months demonstrate learning through integration of earlier instruction with subsequent problem-solving experience. Toddlers are not passive learners. (Chen and Siegler, 2000) Furthermore, according to the website http://www. literacytrust. org. uk, Mother-child dynamic in language learning has been central to early year’s research. Mothers are often the predominant influences in childrens early years. The concentration on maternal speech input implies that mothers share a unique relationship with their children as they learn language, that mothers are programmed to respond to childrens sounds in a way that reinforces early language development and, in turn, that the child has an innate capacity for learning language. Early studies in this area found that mothers speech facilitates, and, in some cases, hinders the language development of young children. Social contact between parents and infants are considered to be a contributing factor in language development. It is also noted that social interaction with other people can either impede or development the babies language. Environment and culture can influence one’s speech as well. A baby whose parents are Asian and American and living in Europe could somehow impede his speech especially when there are different languages at home. Being specific at an early age could help the baby understand more and becomes attuned to his surroundings. Additionally, when the child verbally establishes complex connections and relations between perceived phenomena with the help of an adult, the child introduces at each moment essential qualitative changes in the receptivity and interpretation of sensory input to his brain. When a child acquires a word which isolates a particular thing and serves as a signal for a particular action, the child carries out an adult’s verbal instruction is connected to this word. (Eveloff, 1971) Toddlers build vocabulary based on unique experiences, and new words are acquired at an average rate of one word per week until children are 18 months old. Some toddlers focus on primary words that refer to objects and people, and developing strategies such as asking â€Å"what’s that† to elicit noun labels in response from adults. Other youngsters had vocabularies with more words for affect, motion or location, expressive language. Language is considered to be the most significant adaptive measure available to developing human. Language is highly related to developmental hierarchies such as neurophysiologic, cognitive, and affective. .(Slentz, et al. , 2001) Overall, early language and development starts with parents or the babies caregiver, it is an essential factor for parents to be educated properly on what are their roles in developing their babies language. Babies’ language development can impede or progress, depending on the ability of the parents and how they interact with their babies. I personally believe that education is the best tool in order to achieve great results for communicating well. Language, speech, and emotions can be linked together. Emotions are greatly expressed through words, and thus this will lead to how we can influence the child’s language and development. Parents are foremost educators on developing the characteristic and personality of the child. Language factor is another contributing aspect on how the child will become in the future. References: Bowlby, J. (1980) Loss: Sadness Depression [Vol. 3 of Attachment and Loss]. London: Hogarth Press; New York: Basic Books; Harmondsworth: Penguin (1981). Brown, R. W. (1973) A First Language: the Early Stages. Cambridge, Harvard University Press Chen, Z. , Siegler, R. S. (2000). Across the great divide: bridging the gap between understanding of toddlers’ and older children’s thinking. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 65 No. 2 Clulow, C. (1993) Human Development: An Introduction to the Psychodynamics of Growth, Maturity and Ageing. Psychology Press UK Eveloff, H (1971) Some Cognitive and Affective Aspects of Early Language Development Child Development, Dec71, Vol. 42 Issue 6, p1895-1907, 13p; Harris, M (1992) Language Experience and Early Language Development: from input to Uptake Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Paavola, et al. , (2005) Maternal responsiveness and infant intentional communication: implications for the early communicative and linguistic development.. Child: Care, Health Development, Nov2005, Vol. 31 Issue 6, p727-735, 9p; Pruden, et al. , (2006) The Birth of Words: Ten-Month-Olds Learn Words Through Perceptual Salience Child Development 77 (2), 266–280. Slentz, K. , Krogh (2001) Early Childhood Development and Its Variations. Mahwah, N. J. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. â€Å"Early language development: a review of the evidence for birth to age three† can be accessed at http://www. literacytrust. org. uk/Research/earlylanguage. html (accessed February 22, 2007)

Attitude Towards Silence In Western Culture

Attitude Towards Silence In Western Culture The Chinese saying silence is more impressive than speech indicates the peculiar effect of silence in communications . As a characteristic of natural conversation , it is a component of conversation and is also a way to establish a conversation . If we try to identify the different kinds of silence according to the conversational turns , then we can put them into three categories : Within-turn silence and inter-turn silence appear within or between a conversational turns ,while turn silence alone can act as a conversational turns .It can also be called significant or attributed silence . This kind of silence is a consequence of the hearers conscious or subconscious behavior , as a result ,this kind of silence is full of pragmatic implicatures. So in this part ,we will put more emphasis on the attributable silence . Different attitudes towards silence Language is a carrier of cultures , thus the silence is also a mirror of different cultures . In order to identify the difference of attitudes toward silence ,we can have a comparison between Western and Chinese culture . Attitude towards silence in Western culture : Generally ,westerners have a negative view towards silence . Date back to the ancient Greek , they use language as a powerful tool to discover and express truth, as well as to extend themselves and have an impact on others . Therefore , they intend to take silence as a sign of indifference, indignation , objection and even hostility . Attitude towards silence in Chinese culture. One cant deny that Confucianism and Taoism have exerted a great impact on the Chinese people. A Chinese saying One should talk less and do more illustrates the positive attitude toward silence of Chinese culture , in which silence has been given the Meaning of respect, humbleness, agreement and friendliness. However , people can still achieve the recessive communication through the intercourse of each others status , identity and relationship ,etc. What is attributable silence In our daily life conversation , it is not difficult to find that there are always some pauses emerging between the continuous talks. For example , a man asks the doctor what disease he has been diagnosed in the end , if the doctor wrinkles his brows and remains silent , then the man will immediately know the severity of his disease . And literally , attributable means capable of being attributed to . So if we apply it into the aforementioned example , we can say the silence of the doctor is attributed to his hesitation or a kind of acquiescence. Then accordingly , we can say such a meaningful silence is called an attributable silence (Jaworsky, 1993). Different meanings of attributable silence Sometimes words do not convey ideas . Instead , they may become barriers , while silence and pause conceive the real intention of speakers. That is to say , the use of silence can have an effect of generating the semantics and the non-speech can be interpreted according to the expected possibilities for speech . That is way various types of silences have different meanings and functions. Judgmental silence: It is a kind of silence which signals disapproval and disfavor .For example , when a man asks his friends whether he can lend him some money , if his friend drops into a silence ,then this man can immediately know the answer is no . Or otherwise, in other circumstances, it also represents assent and approval. Linkage silence This kind of silence may either improve peoples relation or estrange them. Affective silence Affective silence can be regarded as reconciliation or indifference in a relation, especially in the circumstance of argument. Revelatory silence : It is a kind of silence that equals acquiescence as in the example given in the part of brief introduction of silence. Activating silence This kind of attributable silence is always appearing when one finds it not easy to express his feelings by means of words towards a very thought- provoking thing or matter .Conversely; it may indicate mental inactivity as it seems that he does not pay any attention to it. In conclusion, attributable silence is a very important part in conversation. Often, it conveys more significant and profound meaning than words. We may even know the real thought and concern of the other one in this meaningful silence. So to speak, it is very economic, its a method for people to know more and deeper in the process of interpreting the silence. What is Sequence organization When we think of clumps of turns in action terms .we are dealing with courses of actions -with sequences if actions that have some shape or trajectory to them ,that is ,with that we will call sequence organization or the organization of sequences . We should notice that much of what conversation analysis is concerned with is sequential organization , so it is essential for us to be clear on the difference between Sequential organization and sequence organization . Sequential organization is the more general term , we use it to refer to any king of organization which concerns the relative positioning of utterances or actions . So turn-taking is a type of sequential organization because it concerns the relative ordering of speakers ,of turn-constructional units ,and of different types of utterance . Sequence organization is another type of sequential organization .Its scope is the organization of courses of action enacted through turns-at-talk -coherent ,orderly ,meaningful successions or sequences of actions or moves .Sequences are the vehicle for getting some activity accomplished(Emanuel A. Schegloff ,2007) The adjacency pair as the unit for sequence construction . We begin with the most elementary features of adjacency pairs and their basic mode of operation . In its minimal , basic unexpected form , an adjacency pair is characterized by certain features : It is : composed of two turns By different speakers Adjacently placed ; that is ,one after the other The two turns are relatively ordered; that is ,they are differentiated into first pair parts and second pair parts. First pair parts are utterance types such as question, request ,offer ,invitation ,announcement ,etc -types which initiate some exchange Second pair parts are utterance types such as answer ,grant ,reject ,accept ,decline ,agree/disagree ,acknowledge ,etc -types which are responsive to the action of a prior turn .( The components of an adjacency are pair -related ; that is , the components of adjacency pairs are fit not only into the first and second pair parts ,but into the pair types which they can partially compose :greeting -greeting (Hello, Hi ),question -answer (Do you know what time is it ?, Four oclock), offer accept/decline (would you like a cup of coffee ?,No , thanks ,if it is declined (Emanuel A. Schegloff ,2007). Alternative second pair parts In starting this part , let me first tell you a joke : (Setting : A Chinese man drove the car out of the road and fell down to a lower ground beside the road in America. He was not seriously injured but needs help to get out of the car . At the moment , a policeman came and tried to figure out what has happened . ) Policeman : How are you ? Chinese man : I am fine .Thank you Then the policeman grove away. This joke indicates that although the adjacency pairs are sequences of some formulaic and common practice in our language , most adjacency pair types have alternative types of second pair part ,like preferred and dis preferred responses ,which will be discussed further in the next part. But some sequence types (a very few )seem to have only one type of second pair part . The prototypes here are greetings and farewells or terminal exchanges (bye bye ).Although there may be a variety of greeting forms with which to respond (Hello ,Hi,Hiya,Howyadoin,etc), these are not alternative types of response ;they all reciprocate the greeting . Counters I believe most of you have such an experience : after watching a movie , you may ask your companion , well ,what do you think ? or How did you like it ?. But the response may not be an answer ,instead , How did you like it ? or what did you think ? These are called counters ; they do not serve to defer the answering of the question (though the one doing the counter may end up answering later nonetheless ); they replace it with a question of their own .They thus reverse the direction of the sequence and its flow ; they reverse the direction of constraint . Here is another empirical instance. A mother and her 1.5 years old are looking at a children s picture book together : Child : What s this ? Mom: You tell me : what is it ? Child: zebra ? Mom: Zebra .Yes ! The child asks a question (an FFP ), but in the next turn ,the mother does not answer the question .Rather , she redirects the same question back to it asker , for its asker to answer (Emanuel A. Schegloff ,2007). The organization of preference dis preference Much of our daily lives is spent talking to one another and they may be specialized in certain settings as meetings, classrooms, etc. And very often, our conversation is sequentially organized according to these settings. Sequence organization are concerning about the ways in which turns-at-talk are ordered and combined to make actions take place in conversation ,such as requests ,offers ,complaints ,and announcements(Emanuel A.Schegloff, 2007).

The Charater of Blanche in A Streetcar Named Desire :: Streetcar Named Desire

The Charater of Blanche in A Streetcar Named Desire In 'A Streetcar Named Desire' we focus on three main characters. One of these characters is a lady called Blanche. As the play progresses, we gradually get to know more about Blanche and the type of person she really is in contrast to the type of person that she would like everybody else to think she is. Using four main mediums, symbolism and imagery, Blanche's action when by herself, Blanche's past and her dialogue with others such as Mitch, Stanley and the paperboy, we can draw a number of conclusions about Blanche until the end of Scene Five. Using the fore mentioned mediums we can deter that Blanche is deceptive, egotistical and seductive. The writer, Tennesse Williams uses symbolism and imagery to help convey the idea that Blanche is deceptive, egotistical and seductive. We can clearly discover how deceptive Blanche is by the symbolism that Williams uses throughout the play. One can note how Blanche continually wears white dresses or a red kimono when she is being especially flirtatious, so that she makes people think that she is innocent and pure. In Scene Five Blanche's white dress, a symbol of purity is stained which is symbolic of the fact that Blanche if far from being pure. Blanche's world hinges on illusion and deception as can be seen when Blanche pours her heart out to Stella in scene five, "soft people... have got to be seductive... make a little - temporary magic". Blanche feels that she must trick and deceive in order to survive in a world where she is "fading now!" and her looks are leaving her. We are introduced to Blanche as a "delicate beauty" that "must avoid strong light". Williams, portr ays Blanche as an uncertain character who hides behind the veneer of outer beauty and who when is placed under the spotlight, fails to live up to the person she would like people to think that she is. Williams also provides strong imagery of her as a moth, as she is dressed in white clothes and is fluttering. This imagery of Blanche as a moth is further emphasised when Blanche herself later states, "put on soft colours, the colours of butterfly wings and glow".

Choosing a Major Essay -- University College Education Essays

Choosing a Major Some people already know by the age of seven that they want to become a pilot or nurse; others, however, have more difficulties deciding what to do with their future. People who decided to go to a university or college have to make an important choice: what major are they going into? For many people this is a very difficult question. As the statistics show, one out of five students change their major between admission and the first day of classes. Nearly three out of four students change majors at least twice before they graduate. And three out of four college students express uncertainly about their major. These striking results raised some questions for me. Is it really necessary to choose a major? What influence has the choice of a specific major on the student and his or her education? What are the opportunities for the future? And how can these students be helped? Since I am still having trouble choosing a major myself, I decided to do some research on this topic and I hope it w ill help you a little bit to make the right choice. Before you start to think about a major, you might ask yourself why you should choose a major in the first place. There are several answers to this question. The first one is very simple: choosing a major is required by the university. Every college will request you to select an area of concentration, usually called a major. Each major has a set of requirements: number of courses, electives, and comprehensive examination. The general goal is to require the exploration and understanding of a body of material and of the techniques needed for mastery of that material. This is the university’s view on the requirement of a major. However, there are some other perspectives on t... ...y you have enthusiasm for and do well in,† is advice often given by employers. Lynn Cheney, former Chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities, agrees: â€Å"Students who follow their hearts in choosing majors will most likely end up laboring at what they love. They’re the ones who will put in the long hours and intense effort that achievement requires. And they’re the ones who will find the sense of purpose that underlies most human happiness.† Indeed, a major is required, but it will also influence your education and the perspective from which you will view the world around you. You don’t have to worry too much about your job opportunities, so choose a major you like. It will not only make your education more enjoyable, so you can get the best out of it, but it will also provide you with a more positive view of the world and make your life more pleasant.

The Rise of Brands Essay -- Marketing Branding

â€Å"I also like Gmail, Giordano Natru – Dry shirts (my daily â€Å"uniform†), Hewlett –Packard laptops, Nokia E-series phones and Toyota. And am I the only person who uses Google Chrome almost exclusively. If I use products other than these, it’s not necessarily the end of the world. But the happiness factor might not be that great †¦through time, one develops a sense of affinity to one name, product or service. And subconsciously you keep choosing the same brand or product over and over not really because of its name, but because of the affinity.† (â€Å"Are you Brand Conscious?† – J. Angelo Racoma.2009) Today, brands are a huge asset to the organisations, whereas, for a consumer they are a mania. Brand conscious consumers are a gold mine for organisations, but brands were not always a necessity in the world; there was a point in time when there were unbranded products, just one or two brands and then with the explosion of branding, it became a vogue. Branding has gone through enormous change since the time it originated till today. This essay seeks to explore the rise of branding over the years and the metamorphosis of branding. It starts with the origin of branding and then explores various periods in history and how branding has changed according to the change in circumstances. The evolution of a brand is then described in accordance to how a brand adopts various characteristics over a period of time. Ensuing the evolution, branding in today’s age is explored. Elements such as â€Å"intellectual property,† â€Å"non profit branding† and â€Å"online branding,† that are affected by branding, are examined. Finally, the future of brands and the responsibility of brands are discussed. HISTORY: The Beginning: The history of branding can be tr... ... Pine, J and Gilmore, J. (1999) The Experience Economy, Boston, MA. : Harvard Business School Press. Racoma, J. Are You Brand Conscious? racoma.net. Weblog [Online] 16/07/2009. Available at: http://racoma.net/commentary/are-you-brand-conscious/. (Accessed: 10/12/2010). Slater. D and Tonkiss, F (2001) Market Society: Markets and Modern Social Theory. Cambridge: Polity. Swystun, J. (2006) The Brand Glossary, Gordonsville: Palgrave Macmillan. The Economist (2003) Brands and Branding, London: Economist Books. UNICEF, (2010) UNICEF Available at: http://www.unicef.org/corporate_partners/index_42735.html (Accessed: 27/12/2010) Warren, C, Facebook Marketing: IKEA’s Genius Use of Photo Tagging, Mashable, Weblog [Online] 25/11/2009. Available at: http://mashable.com/2009/11/25/facebook-marketing-ikeas-genius-use-of-photo-tagging/ (Accessed: 03/01/2011).

Importance of Books in Life

Learning is a significant process in human being life. It is self-evidence that human development can not stand without a good learning. To reach that target, people always search the appropriate ways. Besides, the mains important elements that help people to learn are books and experiences because of their unlimited benefits. The book is a valuable source of knowledge that consists of infinite benefits. It transports us into different worlds and cultures, as well as, it informs us about ancient civilizations and lore.In addition, it helps us to learn about new technologies and literature. It allows speaking languages fluently and to communicate spontaneously. Therefore, the book can be faithful friend and the nearest into us which can guide us to how to behave in our practical life. Our practical life is also, in addition to books, based on experience. This latter is a crucial element that assists to overcome obstacles. Experience keeps our minds aware of the way to solve some probl ems, for example, if someone re-confront a problem, it would be easy for him/her to solve it.Experience also could indicate to us the suitable method of living in our life. In conclusion, learning is a strong challenge that requires patience and efforts. Books and experiences are the best manners of learning because of their vast importance and great advantages. Books can play a very important role in shaping our life because we can learn lots of things easily from books. Books provide a great solution in front of us to learn about anything and increase our knowledge level.Therefore, large numbers of people around the world read books because they find them very useful. Books are present in our world from many centuries in different forms and shapes of books are changing with time. Today, we can find books in pdf or audio formats as per the need of people. Though, all these books provide same help by increasing our knowledge levels. People can easily buy books from various book stor es available in market or they can use online web stores to order bestselling books. Best Answer – Chosen by VotersThe importance of reading books is gaining new insight or perspectives on issues that matter to the reader that helps them to have a new understanding of the world around them. Readers can apply the insight in everyday life or as a way of building upon the knowledge that already encompasses their mind and enrich their lives. The importance of books are also found in how new discoveries pertaining to history are uncovered and/or revealed where the relevance of this the new information needs to be applied or amended in what already exists about a particular issue, topic or event.Thus, â€Å"new† books on existing issues are important because sometimes facts â€Å"change. † Books are a tangible, valuable record of our world. Sure we have the internet and computers with vast amounts of information stored in them but all of history isn't in a computer. H istory, the stories of civilations long gone and ancient languages forgotten are somewhere in a book. Books are there so you can learn, imagine and sometimes escape from the world around you. There is nothing like sitting down with a new book, the pages crisp and fresh, and reading about a love story, or a horrible murder.Books are an outlet for many people. For some it is their way of expressing their imagination†¦ writers create so we can read and let our minds take us to a different place, a different time, maybe even a different world. For others, books are an escape. When the world gets to be too crazy and you need to escape you can pick up a book and forget about the world around you. Books enables us to see life through other peoples eyes. People are able to communicate their view of the world to a large audience.Books also enables us to understand other cultures, which in turn enables us to relate better with others. Books can have a profound effect on society and the w orld because they enable an individual to change the world. A single book by a single author can make a huge difference in the whole world. Think ‘Tuesdays with Morrie', ‘God has a dream' and you begin to see the role of books in society and why they are important. Books glue people and cultures together. But unfortunately they can also be used to do just the opposite of the above.

Steve Jobs Leadership Style

Steven Jobs Leadership Style Steven Jobs is a successful strategic leader and the co-founder of Apple Inc. Jobs spent six months at Reed College in Portland, OR before dropping out and spending 18 months dropping in on creative classes. In 1974 he took a job as a technician at Atari Inc. , then left to travel to India in search of spiritual enlightenment. The â€Å"Apple Computer Company† was then formed in 1976. He made great impacts on leading Apple Inc. to become one of the most successful companies in the world. Jobs was fired from Apple in 1985 and founded NeXT Inc. ithin the same year. Jobs purchased The Graphics Group in 1986, which was later renamed Pixar. Disney purchased Pixar in 1996, and Jobs received 7% of Disney shares. In 1996, Apple purchased NeXT for $427 million. Upon the sale of NeXT, Jobs returned to Apple, becoming the interim CEO, which eventually led to his actual chair of CEO. In August 2011, Jobs resigned as CEO of Apple but remained with the company a s chairman of the company’s board. Jobs died at his home in California on October 5, 2011 due to complications from heart attack caused by complications from pancreatic cancer essay writer magic.According to Fortune Magazine, Steve Jobs was â€Å"considered one of Silicon Valley’s leading egomaniacs. † Jobs also made Fortune’s list of America’s toughest bosses referring to his leadership at NeXT. The cofounder of NeXT, Dan’l Lewin, stated, â€Å"The highs were unbelievable†¦But the lows were unimaginable buy essay online reviews. † There are many words to describe Steve Jobs more aggressive side. He was described as willful, driven, aggressive, and stubborn. The late CEO of Apple also seemed hypocritical. He would make fun of someone’s ideas one day and claim them as his own ideas the next day.Many people that worked around him claimed that Jobs created an uncomfortable work environment. Described as immature, stubborn, an d impatient, Jobs did not seem easy to work with. His leadership style was demanding, tense, and aggressive. Although Jobs did not seem like a boss that anyone would want to work for in the office, he seemed to have a better understanding for what the general public wanted. He had a passion for innovation. Cofounding Apple, NeXT, and buying the Graphic Group of Lucasfilms (later name Pixar) Steve Jobs believed highly in innovation.He understood the power of cultural leadership or what the people wanted and where the world was heading. His vision created a company where people were motivated to make great products. Jobs once said, ‘’There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. ‘I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been. ‘ And we've always tried to do that at Apple. Since the very very beginning. And we always will. ’’ Overall, the leadership style of Steve Jobs was not well liked by the people he worked with. The results of his companies, however, inspired people in the office and people around the world.He was a very proven leader. Even though many might say that he was too intense and hard to deal with, it is hard to say that he was not a good leader. Apple is one of the most profitable companies in the world because of his direction and leadership. Although Jobs had many accomplishments, there are 10 that highlight his career. In 1976, Apple I, the original Apple personal computer, was created. In 1977, Apple II was created and designed to look less like a piece of electronic equipment and more like a home appliance.In 1983, the Apple Lisa was created with a price tag of $10,000. In 1984, the Macintosh was launched during a TV commercial that aired during the Super Bowl. In 1989, NeXT was founded by Steve Jobs and later purchased by Apple in 1996. In 1998, the iMac, as desktop built by Apple, was created. In 2001, the iPod was released and changed how people consume music, and there are now seve ral different models. In 2003, the iTunes Store made its debut. In 2007, the iPhone, an Internet and multimedia-enabled smartphone, was released and there are now 5 generations of the device.In 2010, the iPad tablet computer was created and changed the way electronics can travel. As of November 2012, Apple Inc. had 394 retail stores in 14 countries. Apple made $156 billion on its worldwide annual revenue in 2012, and it has an estimated value of $414 billion as of January 2013. Through Apple, Jobs was widely recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution. Steven Jobs has been referred to as â€Å"Legend† and described as the â€Å"Father of the Digital Revolution. † Jobs is one of the main reasons technology is what it is today.